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	<title>cavitation &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/cavitation/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "cavitation"</description>
	<pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2008 23:39:07 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[B747-400s, B777s (and an A330) in Fiumicino]]></title>
<link>http://cencio4.wordpress.com/?p=616</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 2008 17:44:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>David Cenciotti</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cencio4.fr.wordpress.com/2008/08/05/b747-400-b777-and-a330-in-fiumicino/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[After discussing a lot about the safety issues of the B747-400 and B777 fleets, I thought it could b]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>After discussing a lot about the safety issues of the B747-400 and B777 fleets, I thought it could be interesting to go to Fiumicino to watch some wide-bodies arriving or departing from Rome airport and visually assess their status. Among the interesting details I could notice spending more or less an hour on Sunday Aug. 3, was the red "Emirates" writing below the fuselage and the URL of the company's website applied to B777-300 "A6-EMN" (that I had never spotted before in "Fiume") and the skidding front landing gear of the landing Air China B744 "B-2458".  <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0052.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0052.jpg" alt="" width="473" height="315" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0053.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0053.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0056.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0056.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0058.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0058.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0071.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0071.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0074.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0074.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0077.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0077.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0085.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0085.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0087.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0087.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0088.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0088.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0090.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0090.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0097.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0097.jpg" alt="" width="473" height="315" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0104.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0104.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0113.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0113.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0115.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0115.jpg" alt="" width="473" height="315" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0120.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0120.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0124.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0124.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0130.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0130.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0137.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0137.jpg" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0140.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0140.jpg" alt="" width="473" height="315" /></a> <a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/CRW_0141.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20030808/th_CRW_0141.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[B777 and B747 problems...]]></title>
<link>http://cencio4.wordpress.com/?p=601</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2008 16:50:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>David Cenciotti</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cencio4.fr.wordpress.com/2008/07/31/b777-and-b747-problems/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[In a previous post about the safety of the B747s, I compared the problems that the 747-400 fleet has]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In a previous post about the safety of the B747s, I compared the problems that the 747-400 fleet has been experiencing in the last period with the number of failures that occurred to the B.777. In particular, referring to the IFSDs (In-flight Shut Downs), to the BA038 crash landing, etc. I used the following words:<br />
"As sometimes happens in aviation, there are some periods in which a certain number of problems occur to the same kind of aircraft. Do you remember the 777 (engine) problems that were widely discussed in this site? You can call it coincidence or bad luck but, in my opinion, an airplane is not a car and does not begin to give problems just after it is no longer covered under your warranty."  I then explained what I meant.<br />
When I wrote that sentences, I could not imagine that two new emergencies, both with an happy ending, could affect once again the "triple seven".<br />
The first one occurred to a Vietnam Airlines B.777-200 whose starboard engine caught fire after the plane arrived at Tokio Narita Airport on Jul 30. Some smoke coming out of the Pratt &#38; Whitney engine was noticed while the flight 950 was taxiing to the gate after landing. Fortunately, engine caught fire after all passengers had disembarked and none of the of the 277 passengers and crew members was injured.<br />
The second was experienced by Emirates B.777-300 with 380 passengers on board that, when enroute from London Heathrow to Dubai, was compelled to divert to Budapest after pilots noticed some smoke inside the cockpit. No more information have been released yet about these two emergency and this is quite normal. Not so normal is that, despite we were expecting from a final report from the AAIB in 30 days, so far, the root cause of the crash landing of the British 038 flying from Beijing to London on Jan. 19 was not yet (officially) discovered.</p>
<p><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20200708/CRW_9970.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20200708/th_CRW_9970.jpg" alt="" /></a><a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20200708/CRW_9973.jpg" target="_blank"> <img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20200708/th_CRW_9973.jpg" alt="" /></a><br />
<a href="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20200708/CRW_9975.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd80/cenciotti/FCO%20200708/CRW_9975.jpg" alt="" width="473" height="316" /></a></p>
<p>Coming back to the Qantas 30 investigation, the recent ATSB press conference provided new details about the QF30 decompression. First of all, a piece of the oxygen cylinder that exploded in the cargo area below the First Class, smashed through the cabin floor and moved an emergency door (that, anyway, could not open as the latches were still engaged). Most dangerous, is that the explosion, whose cause is still under investigation, affected also other on-board equipments, and in particular the three ILS (Instrumental Landing Systems) and the antiskid. Fortunately, QF30 could land in Manila under VMC condition, performing a visual approach. One might think that even without the ILS a wide-body has plenty of navigation istruments available to perform a safe approach. This is true, nevertheless, landing a damage aircraft into an alternate airfield in bad weather conditions without a functioning ILS would have been much more difficult.</p>
<p>Here's the full media release from the ATSB website (with info about the oxygen masks failure):</p>
<blockquote><p>Investigation into Boeing 747- 400 depressurisation and diversion to Manila, Philippines<br />
30 July 2008</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>As you are aware the ATSB is leading this safety investigation with the assistance of a number of other organisations and agencies, including the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Administration of the USA, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority of Australia, Qantas and Boeing.<br />
Flight Data Recorder</p>
<p>The data from the flight data recorder has been recovered and downloaded. Initial analysis of the data indicates that the aircraft decent from the decompression event at 29,000 feet to the altitude of 10,000 feet, where no masks are required, took about five and half minutes, with an average descent rate of about 4,000 fpm. The ATSB is still verifying and analysing the data on the recorder.</p>
<p>Door</p>
<p>The ATSB can confirm that it appears that part of an oxygen cylinder and valve entered the passenger cabin and impacted the number 2 right door frame handle, thereby moving the handle part way towards the open position. However, the door handle mechanism has been sheared as it is designed to do if an attempt is made to open the door in flight, so the position of the door handle is not representative of the position of the door lock mechanism or the security of the door. The investigation team have confirmed that the door latches were still engaged. Additionally the door is of the plug-type that first needs to be pulled into the cabin, rotated 90 degrees then pushed out to open. So there was never any danger of the door opening.</p>
<p>Cabin Masks</p>
<p>The investigation team have surveyed the passenger cabin including the oxygen masks. The team found that most of the oxygen masks had deployed correctly from the passenger modules and had been pulled to activate the flow of oxygen to the mask. According to the airline, there were 346 passengers on board. Inspection by the ATSB shows that 484 masks had deployed, that is, dropped from the ceiling. Of those, 418 had been activated by pulling on the mask to activate the flow of oxygen. Only a small number of masks appeared to have had the elastic retaining strap adjusted by the passengers. It also appears that a small number of masks did not deploy from the passenger modules. Investigations into this aspect of the accident are continuing.</p>
<p>Interviews are continuing with the cabin crew in relation to this issue. Additionally, the ATSB is preparing a passenger survey that will be sent to all passengers to gather information about their experience of the event. The ATSB also plans to interview those passengers that encountered specific problems either with the masks or the decompression event.</p>
<p>Oxygen System</p>
<p>The investigation team is still examining the oxygen system, including liaising with the manufacturer to determine if the flow of oxygen was adequate for the five and a half minute descent to 10,000 feet, where the masks were no longer required.</p>
<p>ILS</p>
<p>The team have confirmed that the aircrafts three Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) and the anti-skid system were not available for the arrival and landing at Manila. However, evidence to date indicates that all the aircrafts main systems, including engines and hydraulics were functioning normally. The approach to Manila airport was conducted in visual conditions. It should be noted that other pilot navigation instruments (VOR and NDB) were still available to the crew should the conditions not have been visual. Additionally, Air Traffic Control could have provided radar assistance if the crew had required it.</p>
<p>Flight Crew</p>
<p>From the evidence gathered to date it appears that the flight crew have responded to and managed the emergency situation extremely well. It is apparent that they followed the procedures they have trained for in simulators, which ensured the best possible outcome for the aircraft, the passengers and crew.</p>
<p>Notify ATSB</p>
<p>A reminder that the ATSB requests that any passengers that experienced issues during the flight, or those who photographed or videoed the incident, contacts us via email atsbinfo@atsb.gov.au , telephone: 1800 020 616, or facsimile 02 6247 3117.</p>
<p>The investigation will need time to review and analyse the evidence collected to date and to plan and undertake further evidence gathering and analysis. It is difficult to say how long an investigation such as this will take. However, a preliminary factual report will be released by the ATSB within about 30 days and, should the need for urgent safety action by any agency be identified, the ATSB will immediately notify the relevant agencies who are best placed to address the issue. At this point, unless there is any significant development in the investigation, further media conferences are not anticipated and further information will be released as part of the ATSBs preliminary report.<br />
Media Contact: George Nadal during business hours &#38; after hours duty officer: 1800 020 616</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Repairing Your Damaged Props in the Va Piedmont area and NC]]></title>
<link>http://proprepairs.wordpress.com/?p=3</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jun 2008 18:51:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>proprepairs</dc:creator>
<guid>http://proprepairs.fr.wordpress.com/2008/06/06/repairing-your-damaged-props-in-virginia/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Greetings,
I am certified by the National Marine Propeller Association( NMPA.net) in aluminum repair]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Greetings,</p>
<p>I am certified by the National Marine Propeller Association( NMPA.net) in aluminum repairs.  I also do like new repairs on  stainless, nibral (ski boat) propellers, rehubbing &#38; lower unit welding at a fair price.</p>
<p>Located at 1549 Blue Ridge Yacht Club Rd. in Bassett, VA  24055.  Contact me at 276-340-1597 or by email.  I will be more than happy to assist you in your prop repairs or answer any of your questions.</p>
<p>Blue Ridge Propeller Repair/ Jason Spence-Owner/276-340-1597 email: <a href="mailto:prop_repair@yahoo.com">prop_repairs@yahoo.com</a></p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[(Finally) a new BA038 crash landing investigation update]]></title>
<link>http://cencio4.wordpress.com/?p=472</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2008 21:42:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>David Cenciotti</dc:creator>
<guid>http://cencio4.fr.wordpress.com/2008/05/20/finally-a-new-ba038-crash-landing-investigation-update/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As some of the visitors of this site commented in my previous posts dealing with the BA038 crash lan]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As some of the visitors of this site commented in my previous posts dealing with the BA038 crash landing, it was at least strange that no new details dealing with the AAIB investigations had been surfacing. There is a lot of interest around this accident, many theories have been described in this site and around the Internet and, above all, we were expecting a final report in a relatively short time (30 days).<br />
On May 12, the AAIB finally published a new Special Bulletin at the following page: <a href="http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/S3-2008%20G-YMMM.pdf">http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/S3-2008%20G-YMMM.pdf</a><br />
I read it carefully, eager to find some answers to the many questions dealing with the final flight of the British Airways B777 G-YMMM.<br />
Unfortunately, nothing really new can be found in the SB that, according to the introduction, was not published because a root cause of the crash landing was discovered, but "In view of the sustained interest within the aviation industry, and amongst the travelling public, it is considered appropriate to publish an update on the continuing investigation into the accident....". Maybe someone has understood that the continuing silence could be considered suspect.<br />
Summing up the contents of the Bulletin, the extensive examination and the in-depth analysis of the wreckage and the flight data recorder analysis revealed no evidence of:<br />
- Engine control systems malfuncion<br />
- Electromagnetic Interference<br />
- Wake turbolence effect<br />
- Birdstrike or FOD (Foreign Object Damage) due to injection of a foreign object in the engine<br />
- Fuel shortage or contamination<br />
- Fuel freezing: even if the aircraft flew through the Scandinavian and Urals area with temperatures below -76° C, the fuel samples taken after accident showed a fuel freezing temperature of the Jet A-1 of -57ºC and the minimum recorded fuel temperature was -34°C (well above the freezing point)<br />
- Fuel boost pumps failure</p>
<p>The only known problem so far, deals with an unusual cavitation damage of both high pressure (HP) fuel pumps from the engines, The cavitation is consistent with low fuel pressure at the inlet, that might have resulted in a reduced fuel flow.<br />
According to the SB (that did not lead to any operational change ) the investigation continues in order to understand the dynamics of the fuel as it flows from the tank to the engine and in order to identify any restriction in environmental conditions similar to those experienced by the BA038 during its flight from Beijing to London at altitudes around 40.000 ft.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La technique de l'Hydroptère]]></title>
<link>http://foils.wordpress.com/?p=115</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 10 Mar 2008 16:19:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr. Goulu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://foils.fr.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/la-technique-de-lhydroptere/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Viens de trouver un site un peu ancien (2002) consacré à des  Travaux Pratiques Longue Durée sur ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Viens de trouver un site un peu ancien (2002) consacré à des  <a href="http://membres.lycos.fr/tpldvoile/" target="_blank">Travaux Pratiques Longue Durée sur "La technique de l'Hydroptère"</a> par 9 élèves ingénieurs en 2ème année d'Hydraulique et de Mécanique des Fluides à l'<a href="http://www.enseeiht.fr/" target="_blank">ENSEEIHT</a> (Toulouse) encadrés par deux professeurs.</p>
<p>Les sujets abordés sont nombreux :</p>
<ul>
<li>principe des hydrofoils et historique</li>
<li>choix des profils : NACA 0015 et EPPLER 817</li>
<li>réalisation d'une petite maquette "2D" pour test de profils de foils</li>
<li>mesure de portance et trainée</li>
<li>simulations numériques avec Fluent et Xfoil</li>
<li>présentation très complète de la cavitation, avec nombreuses vidéos dont une rare de supercavitation (source inconnue):
<div><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/pI17znyxcZ4'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/pI17znyxcZ4&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span> </p>
<div>(regardez bien le profil horizontal : plat dessus, concave en dessous, rien à voir avec un profil "aérodynamique" classique...)</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Le travail est d'excellente qualité et donne une très bonne vision globale de la problématique. Le seul reproche que je ferai est que les simulations et tests concernent des vitesses trop basses (10 m/s, 20 noeuds ...) par rapport aux challenges actuels.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Cavitation-An Introduction ]]></title>
<link>http://pipingguru.wordpress.com/?p=86</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 01 Mar 2008 07:14:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>pipingguru</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pipingguru.fr.wordpress.com/2008/03/01/cavitation-an-introduction/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Cavitation occurs in a fluid flow system when the local static pressure is below the vapor pressure.]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Cavitation occurs in a fluid flow system when the local static pressure is below the vapor pressure.</h2>
<p>Cavitation - a common problem in pumps and control valves - causing serious wear and tear and damage. Under the wrong condition, cavitation will reduce the components life time dramatically.</p>
<h3>What is Cavitation?</h3>
<p>Cavitation may occur when the local static pressure in a fluid reach a      level below the vapor pressure of the liquid at the actual temperature.</p>
<p>According to the Bernoulli Equation this may happen when the      fluid accelerates in a control valve or around a pump impeller.</p>
<p>The vaporization itself does not cause the damage - the damage happens when the vapor almost immediately collapses after evaporation when the velocity is decreased and pressure increased.</p>
<h3>Avoiding Cavitation</h3>
<p>Cavitation can in general be avoided by</p>
<ul>
<li>increasing the distance between the actual local static pressure in the fluid - and the vapor pressure of the fluid at the actual temperature</li>
</ul>
<p>This can be done by:</p>
<ul>
<li>reengineering components initiating high speed velocities and low static pressures</li>
<li>increasing the total or local static pressure in the system</li>
<li>reducing the temperature of the fluid</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reengineering of Components Initiating High Speed Velocity and Low Static Pressure</h3>
<p>Cavitation and damage can be avoided by using special components designed      for the actual rough conditions.</p>
<ul>
<li>Conditions as huge pressure drops can - with limitations - be handled by Multi Stage Control Valves</li>
<li>Difficult pumping conditions - with fluid temperatures close to the vaporization temperature - can be handled with a special pump - working after an other principle than the centrifugal        pump.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Increasing the Total or Local Pressure in the System</h3>
<p>By increasing the total or local pressure in the system, the distance between the static pressure and the vaporization pressure is increased and vaporization and cavitation may be avoided.</p>
<p>The ratio between static pressure and the vaporization pressure, an indication of the possibility of vaporization, is often expressed by the Cavitation Number.</p>
<p>Unfortunately it may not always be possible to increase the total static pressure due to system classifications or other limitations. Local static pressure in the component may then be increased by lowering the component in the system. Control valves and pumps should in general be positioned in the lowest part of the systems to maximize the static head.</p>
<p>This is common for boiler feeding pumps receiving hot      condensate (water close to 100 <sup>o</sup>C) from a condensate receiver.</p>
<h3>Reducing the Temperature of the Fluid</h3>
<p>The vaporization pressure is highly dependable of the fluid temperature. Water, our most common fluid, is an example:</p>
<div class="center">
<table class="medium">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="50%">Temperature<br />
(<sup>o</sup>C)</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="50%">Vapor Pressure<br />
(kN/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td>1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td>2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25</td>
<td>3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30</td>
<td>4.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35</td>
<td>5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>40</td>
<td>7.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>45</td>
<td>9.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>50</td>
<td>12.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>55</td>
<td>15.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>60</td>
<td>20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>65</td>
<td>25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>70</td>
<td>32.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>75</td>
<td>38.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>80</td>
<td>47.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>85</td>
<td>57.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>90</td>
<td>70</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>95</td>
<td>84.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>101.33</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>As we can see - the possibility of evaporation and cavitation increases dramatically with the water temperature.</p>
<p>Cavitation can be avoided by locating the components in the coldest part of the system. By example it is common to locate the pumps in heating systems at the "cold" return lines.</p>
<p>The same is the situation for control valves. Where it is possible they should be located on the cold side of heat exchangers.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ca cavite quand même pas mal ...]]></title>
<link>http://foils.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/ca-cavite-quand-meme-pas-mal/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2007 18:00:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr. Goulu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://foils.fr.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/ca-cavite-quand-meme-pas-mal/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Encore un intéressante illustration sur la page d&#8217;accueil de l&#8217;Hydroptère:



La lége]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Encore un intéressante illustration sur la page d'accueil de <a href="http://www.hydroptere.com/" target="_blank">l'Hydroptère</a>:<br />
<a title="hydropterefoil53.png" href="http://foils.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/hydropterefoil53.png"></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a title="hydropterefoil53.png" href="http://foils.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/hydropterefoil53.png"></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a title="hydropterefoil53.png" href="http://foils.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/hydropterefoil53.png"><img src="http://foils.wordpress.com/files/2007/12/hydropterefoil53.png" alt="hydropterefoil53.png" /></a></p>
<p>La légende dit "<em>Comparatif des écoulements sur les anciens profils à 53 noeuds. le faible écart entre simulation numérique et expérimentation en tunnel de cavitation est riche d'enseignements.</em>"</p>
<p>Traduction : "les anciens profils sont bon à jeter pour franchir 50 noeuds, et l'EPFL a un bon code de CFD pour en calculer de meilleurs". Allez les gars, faites nous un beau profil supercavitant sur le bas du foil ...</p>
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<title><![CDATA[l'Hydroptère se remplume]]></title>
<link>http://foils.wordpress.com/2007/11/03/lhydroptere-se-remplume/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 03 Nov 2007 12:01:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr. Goulu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://foils.fr.wordpress.com/2007/11/03/lhydroptere-se-remplume/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Le site www.hydroptere.com a été entièrement rénové. On y trouve:

des pages spécifiques à ch]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Le site <a href="http://www.hydroptere.com" target="_blank">www.hydroptere.com</a> a été entièrement rénové. On y trouve:</p>
<ul>
<li>des pages spécifiques à chacun des 3 projets de l'Hydroptère (.ch et maxi)</li>
<li>des nouvelles brèves à la manière d'un blog, mais toujours sans flux RSS hélas...</li>
<li>une petite appli permettant de voir un modèle d'Hydroptère en 3D (mais c'est franchement pas terrible, on peut faire beaucoup mieux que ça ;-) )</li>
<li>de nombreuses informations montrant que la collaboration Hydroptère/EPFL est en très bonne voie, où j'ai par exemple trouvé cette image très intéressante d'un test en tunnel de cavitation de l'empennage, autour de 50 noeuds</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="http://foils.wordpress.com/files/2007/11/cavitation.jpg" alt="cavitation.jpg" /></p>
<p>on voit que des nappes de bulles de <a href="http://foils.wordpress.com/2007/03/10/cavitation/">cavitation </a>recouvrent la moitié de la surface du safran, alors que les foils horizontaux semblent épargnés, sauf à l'extrémité. Peut-être le safran a-t-il quelques degrés d'incidence qui expliquent ceci, ou alors son profil n'est-il pas optimal à ces vitesses : son bord d'attaque plus arrondi que les foils horizontaux pourrait expliquer cette différence.</p>
<p>Pour les curieux, <a href="http://cavity.ce.utexas.edu/kinnas/cavphotos.html" target="_blank">cette page</a> montre des photos de plusieurs types de cavitation</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Online mapping services: aerial photographies or up periscope with zoom keys at hand?]]></title>
<link>http://mavn39.wordpress.com/2007/10/15/online-mapping-services-aerial-photographies-or-up-periscope-with-zoom-keys-at-hand/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 15 Oct 2007 08:39:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mavn39</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mavn39.fr.wordpress.com/2007/10/15/online-mapping-services-aerial-photographies-or-up-periscope-with-zoom-keys-at-hand/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[  
Esta es la imagen del Virtual Earth de Microsoft que deja al descubierto el submarino con misile]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>  <a rel="attachment wp-att-947" href="http://mavn39.wordpress.com/2007/10/15/online-mapping-services-aerial-photographies-or-up-periscope-with-zoom-keys-at-hand/947/" title="subpic1_wideweb__470x2520.jpg"><img src="http://mavn39.wordpress.com/files/2007/10/subpic1_wideweb__470x2520.jpg" alt="subpic1_wideweb__470x2520.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Esta es la imagen del <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/virtualearth/">Virtual Earth</a> de Microsoft que deja al descubierto el submarino con misiles balísticos de la clase Ohio, en el dique seco de la base naval de <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Base_Kitsap">Kitsap-Bangor</a>, en el estado de Washington, a escasos 20 kms. de Seattle, al otro lado del <a href="http://www.gonorthwest.com/Washington/puget/map_puget.htm">Puget Sound</a>. En el circulito amarillo, se puede apreciar justo, lo que está cubierto en la foto del recuadro, arriba a la izquierda, del 2003; el <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Virginia_(SSN-774)">USS Virginia</a> en construcción: la hélice de 7 palas del submarino de propulsión nuclear.</p>
<p>Y lo ha descubiero un tío buscando una nueva casa online en esa zona, un tal <a href="http://www.lulu.com/dan98">Dan Twohig</a>, un oficial de cubierta en un ferry de ese estado. Hizo el descubrimiento a primeros de julio, buscando una casa más cerca de su trabajo, 50 kms. al este de Seattle, en el Virtual Earth, un servicio de mapas similar al Google Maps and Earth. El vive en <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bend,_Washington">North Bend</a>, justo la localización de la famosa serie de TV de los 90 de David Lynch, "<em><a href="http://www.twinpeaks.org/">Twin Peaks</a></em>". Luego colgó el descubrimiento en su blog <a href="http://www.monstermaritime.com/09032007/the-first-amendment-satellite-imagery-and-national-security-additional-links/">MonsterMaritime</a> y, a finales de agosto, la historia se extendió por todo el ciberespacio.</p>
<p>Los diseños de las hélices han sido secretos muy bien guardados desde la Guerra Fría. Suele ser típico cubrirlas con lonas o quitarlas, directamente, cuando están fuera del agua. El diseño de las hélices es una parte integrante de la habilidad de un submarino para no ser detectado cuando navega, asegurándose así un patrullaje sigiloso sin desvelar su posición a los barcos en superficie.</p>
<p>El descubrimiento ha disparado el debate en los medios sobre si a los servicios de satélite de mapas de Google y Microsoft se les debería o no permitir capturar y publicar imágenes de las instalaciones militares confidenciales de USA [P-18SEP]. La base naval de <a href="http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/WA3156/">Bangor</a> forma parte de las Instalaciones de Armas Estratégicas del Pacífico (<a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/bangor.htm">SWFPAC</a>), que posee el arsenal de armas nucleares más grande de USA. Al dar cuenta del hecho, el periódico <em><a href="http://www.navytimes.com/">Navy Times</a></em> citaba al analista de inteligencia militar Nathan Hughes, de <a href="http://www.stratfor.com/">Stratfor</a>, que decía que mostrar la hélice era un gravísimo error que había comprometido "la tecnología naval sensible". Un portavoz del Pentágono decía que el departameno de Defensa no tenía política -o autoridad legal- para exigir la eliminación u oscurecer las imágenes aéreas comerciales o de satélite.</p>
<p>Twohig comentaba en su blog: "Puedes usar el zoom o moverte por toda la base echando un vistazo realmente cercano a los búnkers y polvorines donde guardan las armas nucleares. El gobierno USA debería vigilar mejor estos temas". Este descubrimiento se ha producido prácticamente a la vez que el del analista de armas nucleares Hans Christensen en Google Earth que mostraba una imagen aérea de la nueva clase de submarinos nucleares chinos Jin, que puede disparar misiles balísticos intercontinentales que pueden alcanzar la costa de USA, al sur de la isla de Dalian [P-14AGO].</p>
<p>Un artículo, posteado en la página web del museo, del comisario de <a href="http://www.history.navy.mil/index.html">Historia Naval</a> del <a href="http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/nhcorg8.htm">Museo Nacional de Historia de USA</a>, <a href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/about/pubs/johnston3.pdf">Paul Forsythe Johnston</a>, deja muy clara en qué consiste la importancia del diseño de las hélices y los torbellinos de propulsión que generan (tip vortex flowfields; ¿algún experto en <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/p/Fluid+dynamics">dinámica de fluidos</a>?): "Cuando las hélices alcanzan una velocidad determinada, las palas empiezan a crear un vacío parcial que despide burbujas de aire. Este estado se conoce como <strong><a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cavitation.htm">cavitación</a></strong>. Las burbujas hacen mucho ruido y las hélices son diseñadas y modeladas para reducir esa <a href="http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/01-html/1-3.html">cavitación</a> y aprovecharse de otras leyes relevantes de la física todo lo que puedan, para procurar mantener, a la vez, velocidades decentes sin descubrir su posición".</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La Cavitation]]></title>
<link>http://foils.wordpress.com/2007/03/10/cavitation/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Mar 2007 22:20:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr. Goulu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://foils.fr.wordpress.com/2007/03/10/cavitation/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Bulles
La cavitation est un phénomène hydrodynamique découvert en 1917 seulement, qui peut appara]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Bulles</h3>
<p>La <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation" target="_blank">cavitation</a> est un phénomène hydrodynamique découvert en 1917 seulement, qui peut apparaitre dès qu'un objet solide se déplace à plus de 15 noeuds dans l'eau. Il est surtout connu dans le domaine des hélices et des aubes de turbine, mais dans un <a href="/2007/03/09/le-mur-des-50-noeuds/" target="_blank">précédent article</a> on a vu que la cavitation empêche aussi des profils hydrodynamiques comme des foils, des quilles ou des gouvernails de fonctionner correctement aux alentours de 50 noeuds et au delà.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="http://www.techboat.com/Bibliotheque/Cavitation.jpg" height="285" width="425" /><br />
bulles de cavitation aux extrémités d'une hélice</p>
<h3>Destruction</h3>
<p>La cavitation a également un effet destructeur : les pièces solides en mouvement rapide dans l'eau sont gravement dégradées par un effet assez incompréhensible de prime abord. Comment comprendre qu'une hélice en acier puisse être rongée en quelques heures par des bulles de vapeur froide ?</p>
<p align="center"><img src="http://www.olds.com.au/marine/cavitation_damage1.jpg" alt="Hélice dégradée par la cavitation" height="225" hspace="3" vspace="3" width="336" /><br />
Hélice dégradée par la cavitation</p>
<p align="left">Comme on <a href="/2007/03/09/le-mur-des-50-noeuds/" target="_blank">l'a vu</a>, les bulles se créent dans les dépressions car l'eau est incompressible. Mais les bulles implosent ensuite de façon très brutale dès qu'elles se retrouvent dans une zone où la pression est plus élevée, créant une onde de choc suffisamment forte pour désagréger localement la matière!</p>
<h3>Mur du son !</h3>
<p>Dans un <a href="/2007/03/09/le-mur-des-50-noeuds/" target="_blank">précédent article</a> , un parallèle a été fait entre le mur du son et la cavitation, ce qui peut sembler un peu audacieux. Cette idée est cependant renforcée dans  <a href="http://www.supramar.ch/supramar_anti_cavitation_groove.htm" target="_blank">cette page</a> qui indique que la vitesse du son dans de l'eau contenant entre 10% et 90% de gaz est de 25 m/s environ, soit ... 50 noeuds!</p>
<h3>Comment éviter la cavitation ?</h3>
<p>Tout comme les avions supersoniques ont des ailes différentes des avions lents, les engins destinés à dépasser 50 noeuds dans l'eau doivent être conçus différemment. Le site de l'entreprise <a href="http://www.supramar.ch/" target="_blank">Supramar AG</a> (suisse... encore ...) propose quelques pistes :</p>
<ol>
<li>les bords d'attaque des profils doivent être vifs pour "séparer le flux" sans créer de vaste dépression (voir exemples de <a href="http://www.supramar.ch/seabus_only_hydrofoils.htm" target="_blank">profils "SEABUS" de Supramar</a>)</li>
<li>on peut injecter de l'air à certains endroits du profil pour permettre à la dépression de se créer sans les inconvénients liés à la cavitation "naturelle".</li>
</ol>
<p>Ces concepts sont proches de ceux de la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercavitation" target="_blank">supercavitation</a> qui permet à des torpilles russes propulsées par fusée d'atteindre 100 m/s (200 noeuds, ~400 km/h ) sous l'eau !</p>
<p align="left">&#160;</p>
<p align="left">&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Le mur des 50 noeuds]]></title>
<link>http://foils.wordpress.com/2007/03/09/le-mur-des-50-noeuds/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 09 Mar 2007 22:34:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr. Goulu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://foils.fr.wordpress.com/2007/03/09/le-mur-des-50-noeuds/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Pourquoi est-il si difficile d&#8217;aller vite dans l&#8217;eau ? Les avions ont passé le mur du s]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Pourquoi est-il si difficile d'aller vite dans l'eau ? Les avions ont passé le <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_du_son" target="_blank">mur du son</a> il y a 60 ans, mais la plupart des bateaux, du contre-torpilleur <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Fantasque_(1935)" target="_blank">Le Terrible (45 noeuds en 1935</a> , le record tient toujours!) à la <a href="/2007/03/10/finian-maynard/">planche à voile (48.7 noeuds en 2005) </a>n'arrivent pas à franchir 90 km/h. Et sous l'eau, les sous-marins nucléaires modernes plafonnent à <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_speed_record" target="_blank">35 noeuds</a> (66 km/h) , leur vitesse de croisière étant plutôt de 20 noeuds (37 km/h).</p>
<p>Le <a href="http://www.quid.fr/2007/Transports_Maritimes/Records_Sur_L_Eau/1" target="_blank">record de vitesse absolu sur l'eau </a>est de 317 noeuds (587 km/h!) , mais "<a href="http://www.kenwarby.com/spirit_of_australia.htm" target="_blank">Spirit of Australia</a>" est propulsé par un réacteur d'avion et n'a aucune pièce dans l'eau: il glisse à la surface. Avec simplement une hélice dans l'eau, le record est "seulement" de la moitié : 322 km/h<i> </i></p>
<p>Pour expliquer la difficulté d'aller vite dans l'eau, j'ai dessiné un profil de foil "pédagogique*" avec SolidWorks et simulé un écoulement d'air et d'eau autour du profil avec <a href="http://www.solidworks.com/pages/products/cosmos/cosmosfloworks.html" target="_blank">FloWorks</a>, le tout en 1h seulement.<!--more--></p>
<p><a href="http://foils.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/air10ms.jpg" title="air 10m/s"></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://foils.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/air10ms.jpg" title="air 10m/s"><img src="http://foils.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/air10ms.jpg" alt="air 10m/s" height="240" hspace="3" vspace="3" width="320" /><br />
fig1 : écoulement d'air à 10m/s (~20 noeuds)</a></p>
<p>Dans de l'air [fig 1], la différence de pression entre l'extrados et l'intrados est de l'ordre de 40 bars, alors que dans de l'eau [fig 2] elle avoisine 4000 bars à la même vitesse. Donc la portance du foil sera approximativement 100x plus forte dans l'eau que dans l'air à la même vitesse. Pour la même raison, un hydrofoil peut avoir une surface 100x plus petite qu'une aile pour créer la même force à la même vitesse.</p>
<p align="center"> <a href="http://foils.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/eau10ms.jpg" title="eau 10 m/s"><img src="http://foils.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/eau10ms.jpg" alt="eau 10 m/s" height="240" hspace="3" vspace="3" width="320" /><br />
fig 2 : écoulement d'eau à 10 m/s (~20 noeuds, 36 km/h)<br />
</a></p>
<p>Le passage à une vitesse de 50 noeuds ne fait que multiplier les faibles effets aérodynamiques par  2.5^2 = 6.25 environ, alors que dans l'eau un phénomène surprenant apparait [fig 3]:</p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://foils.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/eau25ms.jpg" title="eau 25 m/s"><img src="http://foils.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/eau25ms.jpg" alt="eau 25 m/s" height="200" hspace="3" vspace="3" width="320" /><br />
fig 3: écoulement d'eau à 25 m/s (~50 noeuds, 92 km/h)</a></p>
<ul>
<li>Une onde de choc modifie complètement l'écoulement autour du foil.</li>
<li>de ce fait, n'y a plus de différence de pression notable sur les 2 faces du foil, donc plus de portance !</li>
<li>Enfin, la densité de l'eau derrière l'onde de choc est très basse. Trop basse pour de l'eau liquide, qui est incompressible : toute la zone en bleu foncé sur la [fig 3] est constituée à 75% de bulles de vapeur qui se forment dans la dépression créé par l'onde de choc.</li>
</ul>
<p align="left">Ce phénomène s'appelle la <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation" target="_blank">cavitation</a>, et il équivaut au mur du son de l'aviation. Il apparait en réalité dès 15 noeuds environ et doit absolument être pris autant au sérieux pour la construction d'un bateau rapide que le mur du son pour un avion de chasse, car, comme nous le verrons dans un prochain article il peut se révéler tout aussi destructeur .</p>
<p>*Note  : Le profil n'est pas optimisé ni même bon, il a été dessiné "à main levée" dans un but pédagogique uniquement. Le travail scientifique suivra plus tard...</p>
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