This would be graphically correct....

Now there's a fourth-order polynomial trend line I like to see! I'm happy with this one.

The library is using template. Need to learn more about it. Maybe from this book. Now reading this and this.

Next task: developing a representation of simple grid-map in graph.

Today is a good day.

I don’t really trust reporters (except for Gwen Iffill) but I do want to understand what McCain and Obama are actually proposing outside of all the spin and positioning. Luckily for me, I live in a period of human history where I can look up every word they’ve said publically through magical inter-tubes.  

I’ve pared down their most recent economic speeches and siphoned off the key words and phrases they repeat and emphasize, because they paint a much better picture of where they stand than the picture the for-profit media paints. 

Disclaimer: John McCain’s speech was about half as long as the Obama speech.  An absolute comparison may not be entirely fair; however, based upon a superficial look at the words they have chosen to use repeatedly you can gain a genuine idea of where they stand on the economy.

“Americans are having a tough time. But we've been through worse, and beaten longer odds. Even in these difficult days, we must believe in ourselves. Nothing is inevitable in America. We've always been the captains of our fate. All you've ever asked of government is that it stand on your side, not in your way. I intend to do just that: to stand on your side; to help business and not government create jobs; to fight for your future and not the personal ambitions of politicians and bureaucrats.”

John McCain 7-7-08, Denver, Colorado

"But today, for far too many Americans, this dream is slipping away. Wall Street has been gripped by increasing gloom over the last nine months. But for many American families, the economy has effectively been in recession for the past seven years. We have just come through the first sustained period of economic growth since World War II that was not accompanied by a growth in incomes for typical families. Americans are working harder for less. Costs are rising, and it’s not clear that we’ll leave a legacy of opportunity to our children and grandchildren."

Barrack Obama 5-27-08, New York City

John McCain: Jobs and Taxes

John McCain’s focus is clearly on Jobs. He believes that the creation of new jobs is the best way to go about fixing the economy. Not entirely a bad idea, he runs into some confusing problems, though, when he starts talking about taxes.  I think McCain’s economic speeches have one main fundamental flaw: simplicity. Now he may just have a simplistic view of economics, but I choose to believe that he thinks we have a simplistic understanding of the economy. He may not be wrong, but his arguments seem awfully tired. His 7-7-08 speech on the economy often trails off into a rant about how high taxes are the problem, and is the singular reason why small business fail, which is why we aren’t creating more jobs. In general, it’s a logical line of reasoning. But it’s just too simple. McCain isn’t clear about what taxes he can cut, he makes promises to his audience about lower taxes—but he rarely mentions the taxes he wants to cut are on businesses—not individuals.  Trickle down. Lower the businesses taxes, the business makes more money, the business prospers and hires more workers, the economy shines.  This is a pillar of conservative economics. There are merits to this idea, but given the incredible trouble we’re in financially it seems to me cutting taxes isn’t going to save us.

Notable Omissions:

From the word clouds there are three striking omissions: Debt, Deficit and Globalization. John McCain makes no mention of the deficit, though since this speech he has promised to miraculously balance the budget without saying how, and without ending the wars.  Yet, in his speech on the economy he made no mention of the crippling debt of the US Government or any mention of the crippling debt many individuals currently face. It seems to me, many people may not understand or care to understand the economy of the entire nation—but they fully understand their personal economy, their debt, and their jobs being outsourced.  To McCain’s credit he plans to invest in new energy opportunities but makes the case not only for opportunities in green energy but more urgently for opportunities for jobs on off-shore oil rigs and in ANWR.  He makes no mention of plans to help with the ongoing housing crisis (for the record he has in other speeches, but doesn’t seem to be coupling those ideas with his economic plans) and he also doesn’t really present any solutions for the loss of manufacturing jobs, other than by saying people need to go to community colleges and get smarter.  His position boils down to :

(Small government+ Lower Taxes) x Free Market Correcting itself = New Jobs & a Strong Economy.

The other word McCain leaves out is Recession. He treats the word like Voldemort.

Obama Regulation and Stimulation:

Obama’s economy speech delves much more deeply into the causes of the current crisis and efforts to fix and prevent these problems in the future. If McCain is a top-down economist Obama is a bottom-up economist. The first striking words are Jefferson, Hamilton, McCain & Bush. Obama mentions Jefferson and Hamilton more times than he mentions Bush or McCain. He begins his speech with a brief history of the free market. This leads him to a pretty expansive defense of regulation. He believes that the markets have undergone an information revolution and require new rules and regulation. Though McCain is branded the ‘reformer’ it is Obama who is interested in making banking and lending reforms, credit card reforms and accounting reforms. Free Marketers, such as McCain see this as an assault on liberty and a pathway to big government interference and spending.  Obama barely talks about taxes, or small business. His concern appears to be for stronger oversight by the government and helping people keep their homes and get out of debt.

Similar Words Different Conclusion:

Obama uses the word ‘innovation’ where McCain uses the word ‘ingenuity’.  Ingenuity connotes making lemonade out of our current lemons. The market will solve its own problems if the Government gets out of the way. Obama’s use of innovation connotes a systematic update. They use these words in similar places, McCain talks about ingenuity as a force to be unleashed, “I have a plan to reform government, achieve energy security, and ensure that healthcare and a quality education are affordable and available for all. I believe the role of government is to unleash the creativity, ingenuity and hard work of the American people, and make it easier to create jobs.” He makes it seems as if all we need do is work hard and cut taxes and we will solve those problems. Obama see’s innovation as a force to be controlled, “…we have overseen 21st century innovation – including the aggressive introduction of new and complex financial instruments like hedge funds and non-bank financial companies – with outdated 20th century regulatory tools. New conflicts of interest recalled the worst excesses of the past…”  At the heart of this issue is a McCain/Conservative world view that we, as individuals, are in control, we are the force, shackled by taxes, waiting for the government to unleash us into the free market. The Obama/Progressive view is that while we’ve experienced incredible growth since WWII and business has changed so much we must protect individuals from the dark side of the Free Market.

The problem for Obama isn’t simplicity; it’s complexity. His speech is fairly complex and hard to break into palatable pieces for the casual voter. Furthermore, how much control does a President or Party have over a fluid global economy, even if he understands that it is more complex than taxes and jobs? Did the great depression end because of the New Deal or because WWII gave every healthy man a job? Was the budget surplus and shining economy of 90’s due to Clinton’s free trade deals or was it because Silicon Valley boomed? Obama may implement each of his proposals and we could still be in the shitter. It’s also an issue of scope, how many of these proposals of Obama’s are likely to pass in a bought and bossed congress? McCain would have a much easier go of getting tax cuts passed and hoping that the ingenuity of the American people will save the free market.

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open, he was clear and powering to the front. It was nice to see Robbie McEwen released from Cadel support duties to contest the sprint this go around. It has been a long absence. As it was, he couldn’t match Cavendish’s speed to the line. “Cavendish is simply too strong and too fast" McEwen said. McEwen ended up 2^nd and Freire finished 5^th, putting in another consistent effort.

In Phil Liggett’s commentary he mentioned several times that Cav was the new McEwen. Little harsh but Cav certainly has McEwen’s acceleration from Tour’s past. Cavendish said that he was really taking a beating in the mountains which was keeping him from his best performances. I expect that a few more tour campaigns and he will be even more of a force.

As for Paris, “One day at a time” is how Mark responded to the Frankie Andrea question will you be retiring from the Tour for Olympic preparation? All I can say is too bad it is an Olympic year.

I’ve put a graph together to show how the top Green Jersey point’s leaders have place in each of the sprint stages. It is meant to show the trend of the riders over time. In Stage 3, a four man break made it to the line. I’ve netted out they’re positions relative the graph.

I’ll skip the run in to the sprint today as it was rather uneventful. If you are interested in the stage details, the video and race reports from news outlets are below.

Stage 13 Video Recap: http://tinyurl.com/59gosx

Stage 13 Race Reports

Velonews: http://tinyurl.com/67mvuz

Cycling News: http://tinyurl.com/55wntk

Versus: http://tinyurl.com/5mbh5m

Bicycling: http://tinyurl.com/6rn42k

Yahoo Sports: http://tinyurl.com/6blrlc

Stage 13 Results

1 Mark Cavendish (GBr) Team Columbia, 4.25.42 (41.10 km/h)
2 Robbie McEwen (Aus) Silence - Lotto
3 Romain Feillu (Fra) Agritubel
4 Heinrich Haussler (Ger) Gerolsteiner
5 Oscar Freire Gomez (Spa) Rabobank
6 Thor Hushovd (Nor) Crédit Agricole
7 Leonardo Duque (Col) Cofidis - Le Crédit par Téléphone
8 Erik Zabel (Ger) Team Milram
9 Julian Dean (NZl) Team Garmin-Chipotle p/b H30
10 Sébastien Chavanel (Fra) Française des Jeux
11 Robert Hunter (RSA) Barloworld
12 Gert Steegmans (Bel) Quick Step
13 Iñaki Isasi Flores (Spa) Euskaltel - Euskadi
14 Arnaud Coyot (Fra) Caisse d'Epargne
15 Ruben Perez Moreno (Spa) Euskaltel - Euskadi  

Green Jersey Standings

1 Oscar Freire Gomez (Spa) Rabobank, 184 pts
2 Mark Cavendish (GBr) Team Columbia, 156
3 Thor Hushovd (Nor) Crédit Agricole, 156
4 Erik Zabel (Ger) Team Milram, 141
5 Kim Kirchen (Lux) Team Columbia, 138
6 Robert Hunter (RSA) Barloworld, 110
7 Leonardo Duque (Col) Cofidis - Le Crédit par Téléphone, 107
8 Robbie McEwen (Aus) Silence - Lotto, 105
9 Alejandro Valverde Belmonte (Spa) Caisse d'Epargne, 97
10 Romain Feillu (Fra) Agritubel, 94

Overall Standings

1 Cadel Evans (Aus) Silence - Lotto, 54.48.47
2 Frank Schleck (Lux) Team CSC - Saxo Bank, 0.01
3 Christian Vande Velde (USA) Team Garmin-Chipotle p/b H30, 0.38
4 Bernhard Kohl (Aut) Gerolsteiner, 0.46
5 Denis Menchov (Rus) Rabobank, 0.57
6 Carlos Sastre Candil (Spa) Team CSC - Saxo Bank, 1.28
7 Kim Kirchen (Lux) Team Columbia, 1.56
8 Vladimir Efimkin (Rus) AG2R La Mondiale, 2.32
9 Mikel Astarloza Chaurreau (Spa) Euskaltel - Euskadi, 3.51
10 Vincenzo Nibali (Ita) Liquigas, 4.18

For me, it's the actual animation that makes all the difference. The graph does a superb job of showing broad demographic shifts in a way that static graphics (and certainly text) can never do.

Hat tip to Darrell Bricker at Ipsos-Reid.

If you are in Marketing then you must subscribe to Seth Godin's Blog as there may be no better on the web... for sales people his blog can have some tips on presentations like this post, or other great tips.

Here are some other presentation tips from Seth; Worst slide, how to tell a story, chart/graph laws, how to, really bad PPS

So, this post is about the mystery behind such happenings.

Meet Mr Shah

One such incident to reckon. Couple of weeks before, I met Fowzul’s hubby – Mr. Shah on beach. At first he is a perfect stranger to me. All I know was, he studied in a same college where I studied but left it before me joining it. Then when he spoke about his friends, we both came to know that we have common friends. So, it turned out like enquiring about the friends in common.

The question we have now is – “Is it possible to know any given stranger through known people?”, if so, how many such people you need to know to know “the stranger?”. Hold your breath, the answer is a mere six. And that is the maximum number of people for that. That is, you need to know, exactly six people to know any one in the world.

You & A Stranger

Let me put it more specific. Consider a farmer in remote Chinese village. Now, you need find your way to get connected to him with six or less people. There are many examples for these in popular culture and mathematical culture.

Kevin Bacon number is one such very popularly known and discussed. Bacon acted as the famous scientist in "Hollow Man" movie. He once said, he can relate to any actor in the world.

In mathematics, Paul Erdos - a famous mathematician who collaborated with so many people and produced graph theoretical paper had a number named after him. It is known as Erdos number.

Now, how amazing is it? we don't have a proof for this anyway.

Steps to follow:

1. Refuse a polygraph test if you can. For pre-employment screenings this will almost certainly ensure that you don’t get hired, but it probably will not get you fired in most circumstances. In the U.S., private sector employers may not terminate employment or take other such adverse actions based solely on a polygraph refusal (this protection usually does not cover government employees). If your polygraph is part of a criminal investigation, you have a right to refuse (in the U.S., at least), and you should refuse, even if you are innocent, because of the possibilities of a "false positive." Refusal to submit to a polygraph is generally not admissible in court, and polygraphs themselves are always inadmissible.
2. Learn about polygraphs. Since you’re reading this article, you’re on the right track, but if your career or court case depends on it, wouldn’t you do as much research as you can? Answer truthfully, now. The most important thing to know is that polygraph is not an exact science. In fact, to the extent that it is a science at all, it is one in its infancy and one which frequently produces incorrect results.
3. Find out what the tester is seeking. A polygraph examination is administered to help find out specific information, such as whether you’re a spy or whether you’ve used drugs. Prepare yourself in advance by thinking about what confessions they are looking for, what things you cannot admit. The polygrapher will ask you many uncomfortable questions, but only certain ones are important. If your test is prompted by a specific incident, you probably know what the examiner is looking for, but for pre-employment screening tests and the like, research the company or agency’s policies to determine what you can and cannot admit.



4. Approach your whole "polygraph day" as a test. Treat the polygraph examination as an extreme job interview.
5. Identify the types of questions you are being asked. There are three basic types of questions you will be asked: relevant, irrelevant, and control. Irrelevant questions are those that are obvious, such as "What is your name" or "Have you ever eaten pasta?" Relevant questions are the important ones, such as "Did you leak that memo to the media?", "Have you ever stolen money from an employer?", or "Have you ever sold drugs?"
6. Don’t admit anything relevant. The job of polygraphers is to extract confessions, and in one way, the whole examination is a complex ruse to trick you into confessing something. Never confess relevant information. No matter what the lines on the chart look like, nothing is more certain or damaging than your confession.
7. Say only what you need to say. "Yes" or "No" answers should be all you need for most of the test. Resist the temptation to explain your answers or to go into details, although the polygrapher may try to get you to do so. Be courteous and cooperative, but do not offer any more information than is absolutely necessary.



8. Conceal your knowledge of polygraphy. The polygrapher may ask you, often before or after the test, if you’ve done any research on polygraph tests or what you know about them. Do not disclose that you’ve done extensive research, and act as though you don’t know much about polygraph examinations but that you do believe polygraphy to be a science and polygraphs to be reliable (or at least do not exhibit any doubt as to their reliability). The polygrapher may try to trick you by mentioning certain technical terms and acronyms, such as, "Your test came back NDI." While you know (or will now know) that "NDI" means "no deception indicated," you need to act as though you have no idea what it means. Too much knowledge of the process may make the polygrapher think you’ve got something to hide, even if you don’t.
9. Throw off the machine's reading of the control questions by changing your blood pressure and heart rate. Do some of the following when replying to control questions:
   • Develop a breathing strategy. Throughout the test (except during control questions) maintain a normal breathing rate of 15-30 breaths per minute. Do not breathe too deeply. Then alter breathing rate with control questions. You can make it faster or slower, you can hold your breath for a couple of seconds after an exhalation, or you can breathe more shallowly, for example. Do this for 5-15 seconds, and return to your normal breathing pattern before the next question. As explained above, the polygrapher will compare your physiological responses to control questions to your responses to relevant questions. If the deviation from normal during control questions exceeds the deviation from normal during relevant questions, you will pass. If, however, you react more to a relevant question than to control questions, the polygrapher will perceive (rightly or wrongly) that you are lying in response to something relevant—you will fail the polygraph.
   • Do math in your head. During control questions do something mentally complex. For example, count backwards in your head as quickly as possible or do some quick long division, as you are answering the question.
   • Think about something exciting or frightening; think of things that make you ecstatic, fearful, or frustrated.
   • Bite your tongue. Bite the side of your tongue hard enough to cause pain, but not so hard as to draw blood. Practice this in a mirror to be sure the polygrapher cannot detect it. This is highly effective, but may be detectable if you have to speak for an extended period, because you can’t bite while you’re speaking. Only use this method if you can give a quick "yes" or "no" response, which, luckily, will be most of the time.
   • Insert a small nail or tack in the toe area of your shoe and press down on this during the control questions to elicit a pain response. This is a sound method, but it is easily defeated if the polygrapher asks you to remove your shoes.
   • Contract your anal sphincter muscle when a control question is asked. While also highly effective, this method may (or may not) be discovered with the use of pressure-sensitive seat pads that are now commonly used.
10. Handle the post-test interview. After you’re disconnected from the machine, the polygrapher may leave you in the room for a while and come back. The polygrapher may then claim to "know" that you are lying about something.

Tips:

• Practice countermeasures in advance. The countermeasures listed here can almost guarantee that you “pass” the polygraph examination, but only if you do them right. Once you read about the measures, be sure to practice them well before the test so that you’re thoroughly prepared.
• The needles on the machine chart physiological changes, such as breathing and heart rate, over time. While this sort of machine is still frequently used, computer-based polygraph machines are becoming more common.
• Remember that you are being watched closely during the test. When you use countermeasures, use them discreetly.
• There are several subtle variations on the polygraph test. Be sure to research these thoroughly before your test to be prepared for anything they might throw at you.
• If you do not feel comfortable employing countermeasures from a moral standpoint, you are probably better off not taking the test. Even if this means, for example, that you will not get a job. In almost all circumstances, "passing" a polygraph cannot help you get a job, nor can it exonerate you from an alleged crime.
• Understand that polygraphs do not detect lying. They detect physiological responses when you are thinking of a topic.
• So, if you were to hook up a polygraph to yourself in your basement and have your buddy ask you questions, it would likely not show any such anticipation/relief responses. However, the nervousness in employment interviews and police questioning is your give away. You are expected to be nervous and that is accounted for. The polygraph takes your baseline, which is your base physiological response when you are nervous.
• Remember that the Polygraph is nothing more than a complex trick to get you to make an admission. Never make a relevant admission! The polygrapher only knows what you tell them and nothing more. Many honest people fail the polygraph, and they will take this into consideration. But make an admission, and you will not pass.
• Think to yourself that the answer you are giving is the truth this will calm down anything the the polygraph will detect as a lie.
• Do not rely on the truth to prevent positive indications. The most important factor is your state of mind. You need to be relaxed.

Warning!!!

• The polygrapher is not your friend. Beware pretest tricks. Polygraphers will frequently attempt to instill fear in the subject or convince the subject of the accuracy of the polygraph machine.
• Don't take this article as the bottomline, but you can always view this as a guiding light...
  

I'm going to be showing some data visualizations at the My Space on 7th art show in Washington, DC starting Friday, July 11 at the Touchstone Gallery! Everyone should come out. I took a look at the space and there's some interesting work hanging already. (And I have to thank Paige, here, who unintentionally helped me decide what to show...but more on that in a later post.)

Oh. And there will be wine tasting opening night. :)

There will be three old, but reworked images and one new one created just for this show.  Only one has ever been printed before and they all look pretty fantastic.

The new one consists of two superimposed graphs (a paraplot and a scatterplot) of illegitimate traffic going to/from "jackwhitsitt.com" (that would be, uh, most of it).

The three older ones are:

Destination Port Traffic Volume (global sample)

(Test Data from custom developed SEM correlation  modules)

(Pcap data from 10,000 spam emails)

Coming up short on ideas lately, so here's something I worked out last night while I was trying to fall asleep.

The paths certain points on a ladder trace out as it slides from vertical to horizontal.

Para este exemplo, o módulo utilizado foi:

GD::Graph::pie;

Obs.: Usamos 'GD::Graph::pie' pois nosso objetivo é criar um gráfico pizza.

Assim como no Exemplo 2, carregamos os dados em dois arrays diferentes:

my @campos = ('Out 2007','Nov 2007','Dez 2007','Jan 2008','Fev 2008','Mar 2008');
my @valores = ('547','2282','2798','2354','4326','1037');

Estes dois itens serão armazenados em um array especial que guardará o endereço tanto array dos campos quanto a dos valores para que possa então esboçá-los no gráfico.

my @graf = (\@campos,\@valores);

Com todos os dados em mãos chamamos a função que criará um novo gráfico.

my $grafico = GD::Graph::pie->new(320, 300);

Agora temos na variável $grafico uma nova instância de gráfico de barras com 320x300px.

Para montar o gráfico utilizamos a função Graph set , passando o ângulo inicial, o ângulo nulo, o rótulo, o título do gráfico, valor do 3d, expessura 3d:

$grafico->set(
start_angle => '0',    # Ângulo de onde iniciará os gráficos
suppress_angle => '0',    # Se o nome do campo for menor que a área mencionada aqui ele não será exibido.
label => 'Exemplo de Gráfico Circular',  # Texto a aparecer abaixo do gráfico
title => 'Visitas Mensais de "Um Site Qualquer"',        # Título do gráfico
'3d' => '1',  # 1: Adiciona efeito 3d
pie_height => '32',   # Expessura do efeito 3d. Ideal 0,1*altura
) or warn $grafico->error;

Com isto o gráfico será criado, a menos que o warn retorne algum erro.

O próximo passo é passar os dados para o esboço.

A função plot faz isto:

$grafico = $grafico->plot(\@graf) or die $grafico->error;

Se nenhum erro for retornado é sinal de que o gráfico foi criado com sucesso.

Nos resta então apenas exibí-lo na tela:

binmode STDOUT;
print "Content-type: image/png\n\n";
print $grafico->png;

#!/usr/bin/perl
use GD;
use GD::Graph::pie;
#  Usamos 'GD::Graph::pie' pois nosso objetivo é criar um gráfico de pizza

######## Cria as variáveis para exibir o gráfico ########
my @campos = ('Out 2007','Nov 2007','Dez 2007','Jan 2008','Fev 2008','Mar 2008');
my @valores = ('547','2282','2798','2354','4326','1037');
my @graf = (\@campos, \@valores);
################################
######## Criação da imagem ########
my $grafico = GD::Graph::pie->new(320, 300);
# Os valores de new são as dimensões do gráfico

$grafico->set(

start_angle => '0',    # Ângulo de onde iniciará os gráficos
suppress_angle => '0',    # Se o nome do campo for menor que a área mencionada aqui ele não será exibido.
label => 'Exemplo de Gráfico Circular',                       # Texto a aparecer abaixo do gráfico
title => 'Visitas Mensais de "Um Site Qualquer"',        # Título do gráfico
'3d' => '1',                                    # Se 1: Adiciona efeito 3d
pie_height => '32',   # Expessura do efeito 3d. Ideal 0,1*altura
) or warn $grafico->error;

$grafico = $grafico->plot(\@graf) or die $grafico->error;
##########################
####### Exibe o gráfico ######
binmode STDOUT;
print "Content-type: image/png\n\n";
print $grafico->png;

Para este exemplo, o módulo utilizado foi:

GD::Graph::bars3d;

Obs.: Usamos 'GD::Graph::bars3d' pois nosso objetivo é criar um gráfico barras 3d.

Assim como no Exemplo 2, carregamos os dados em dois arrays diferentes:

my @campos = ('Out 2007','Nov 2007','Dez 2007','Jan 2008','Fev 2008','Mar 2008');
my @valores = ('547','2282','2798','2354','4326','357');

Estes dois itens serão armazenados em um array especial que guardará o endereço tanto array dos campos quanto a dos valores para que possa então esboçá-los no gráfico.

my @graf = (\@campos,\@valores);

Com todos os dados em mãos chamamos a função que criará um novo gráfico.

my $grafico = GD::Graph::bars3d->new(500, 300);

Agora temos na variável $grafico uma nova instância de gráfico de barras com 500x300px.

Para montar o gráfico utilizamos a função Graph set , passando a expessura da barra, o espaçamento entre as barras, o rótulo horizontal, vertical e o título do gráfico:

$grafico->set(
bar_width => '25',   # Expessura das barras
bar_spacing => '4',  # Espaçamento entre as barras
x_label => 'Mes',     # Rótulo horizontal
y_label => 'Visitas Totais', # Rótulo vertical
title => 'Visitas Mensais de "Um Site Qualquer"',  # Título do gráfico
) or warn $grafico->error;

Com isto o gráfico será criado, a menos que o warn retorne algum erro.

O próximo passo é passar os dados para o esboço.

A função plot faz isto:

$grafico = $grafico->plot(\@graf) or die $grafico->error;

Se nenhum erro for retornado é sinal de que o gráfico foi criado com sucesso.

Nos resta então apenas exibí-lo na tela:

binmode STDOUT;
print "Content-type: image/png\n\n";
print $grafico->png;

#!/usr/bin/perl
use GD;
use GD::Graph::bars3d;
#  Usamos 'GD::Graph::3dbars' pois nosso objetivo é criar um gráfico de barras

######## Cria as variáveis para exibir o gráfico ########
my @campos = ('Out 2007','Nov 2007','Dez 2007','Jan 2008','Fev 2008','Mar 2008');
my @valores = ('547','2282','2798','2354','4326','357');
my @graf = (\@campos, \@valores);
################################
######## Criação da imagem ########

my $grafico = GD::Graph::bars3d->new(500, 300);
# Os valores de new são as dimensões do gráfico

$grafico->set(
bar_width => '25',   # Expessura das barras
bar_spacing => '4',  # Espaçamento entre as barras
x_label => 'Mes',   # Rótulo horizontal
y_label => 'Visitas Totais', # Rótulo vertical
title => 'Visitas Mensais de "Um Site Qualquer"', # Título do gráfico
) or warn $grafico->error;

$grafico = $grafico->plot(\@graf) or die $grafico->error;
##########################
####### Exibe o gráfico ######
binmode STDOUT;
print "Content-type: image/png\n\n";
print $grafico->png;

Assim, as primeiras instruções do programa serão:

use GD;

e

use GD::Graph::area;

Obs.: Usamos 'GD::Graph::area' pois nosso objetivo é criar um gráfico de área.

Tendo então os módulos carregados, podemos iniciar a construção do programa.

Neste exemplo, assim como nos dois artigos posteriores, colocarei exemplos ficticios em duas listas, de campos e de valores, para a demonstração no programa.

my @campos = ('Out 2007','Nov 2007','Dez 2007','Jan 2008','Fev 2008','Mar 2008');
my @valores = ('547','2282','2798','2354','4326','357');

Estes dois itens serão armazenados em um array especial que guardará o endereço tanto array dos campos quanto a dos valores para que possa então esboçá-los no gráfico.

my @graf = (\@campos,\@valores);

Com todos os dados em mãos nos resta agora chamar a função que criará um novo gráfico.

Esta é a:

my $grafico = GD::Graph::area->new(500, 300);

Agora temos na variável $grafico uma nova instância de gráfico de área com 500x300px.

Para montar o gráfico utilizamos a função Graph set , passando o rótulo horizontal, o rótulo vertical e o título do gráfico:

$grafico->set(
x_label => 'Mes', # Rótulo horizontal
y_label => 'Número de Visitas', # Rótulo vertical
title => 'Visitas Mensais de "Um Site Qualquer"', # Título do gráfico
) or warn $grafico->error;

Com isto o gráfico será criado, a menos que o warn retorne algum erro.

O próximo passo é passar os dados para o esboço.

A função plot faz isto:

$grafico = $grafico->plot(\@graf) or die $grafico->error;

Se nenhum erro for retornado é sinal de que o gráfico foi criado com sucesso.

Nos resta então apenas exibí-lo na tela:

binmode STDOUT;
print "Content-type: image/png\n\n";
print $grafico->png;

#!/usr/bin/perl
use GD;
use GD::Graph::area;
#  Usamos 'GD::Graph::area' pois nosso objetivo é criar um gráfico de área

######## Cria as variáveis para exibir o gráfico ########
my @campos = ('Out 2007','Nov 2007','Dez 2007','Jan 2008','Fev 2008','Mar 2008');
my @valores = ('547','2282','2798','2354','4326','357');
my @graf = (\@campos, \@valores);
################################
######## Criação da imagem ########
my $grafico = GD::Graph::area->new(500, 300);
# Os valores de new são as dimensões do gráfico

$grafico->set(
x_label => 'Mes', # Rótulo horizontal
y_label => 'Número de Visitas',  # Rótulo vertical
title => 'Visitas Mensais de "Um Site Qualquer"', # Título do gráfico
) or warn $grafico->error;

$grafico = $grafico->plot(\@graf) or die $grafico->error;
##########################
####### Exibe o gráfico ######
binmode STDOUT;
print "Content-type: image/png\n\n";
print $grafico->png;

Para começar iremos fazer um programa em CGI que criará uma imagem contendo o desenho de um quadrado com uma borda e um texto em seu centro.

Após indicar o caminho do Perl, nosso programa deve conter no começo a chamada do módulo GD assim também como a instânciação deste:

use GD;

my $im = new GD::Image(100,100);

Já de início definimos as dimensões da nova imagem e a armazenamos na variável $im.

Em seguida vamos definir as cores com as quais iremos trabalhar.

Para isto usaremos a função colorAllocate do GD passando por parâmetro os valores RGB da cor desejada. Note:

my $amarelo = $im->colorAllocate(255,255,0);

Para definir a cor de fundo do nosso desenho usamos a função fill passando posições nulas e a cor por parâmetro:

$im->fill(0,0,$preto);

Também foi feito um retângulo na imagem para exemplificar a função rectangle. Aqui passamos por parâmetro as dimensões (inicioX,fimX,inicioY,fimY) junto com a cor:

$im->rectangle(6,94,94,6,$amarelo);

E para escrevermos o texto na imagem usamos a função string, onde passamos o estilo da fonte, x, y, texto e a cor do texto:

$im->string(gdGiantFont,12,45,"GD + PERL",$vermelho);

Para finalmente exibir na tela, primeiro devomos converter a saída para modo binário usando:

binmode STDOUT;

Também é necessário setar o formato de saída no cabeçalho:

print "Content-type:image/png\n\n";

Finalmente agora podemos enviar a imagem para o usuário.

Para isto imprimimos na tela a imagem convertida para o formato de saída desejado (gif,jpeg,png...).

No nosso caso utilizamos png:

print $im->png;

#!/usr/bin/perl
use GD;

my $im = new GD::Image(100,100); # Cria uma imagem com dimensões 100x100

############## Determina Cores em Variáveis ##############
my $preto = $im->colorAllocate(0,0,0);
my $branco = $im->colorAllocate(255,255,255);
my $vermelho = $im->colorAllocate(255,0,0);
my $amarelo = $im->colorAllocate(255,255,0);
################################################

$im->fill(0,0,$preto);    # Pinta o fundo de preto
$im->rectangle(6,94,94,6,$amarelo);  # Cria um 'retângulo' com a cor amarelo
$im->string(gdGiantFont,12,45,"GD + PERL",$vermelho); # Escreve texto com a cor vermelho
binmode STDOUT; # Verifica se o modo é binário
print "Content-type:image/png\n\n";
print $im->png;   # Transforma a imagem em PNG e exibe.

Todo interpretador Perl possui sua pasta para módulos. Esta geralmente se encontra sob site/lib onde o Perl foi instalado.

Algumas distribuições possuem por padrão o módulo GD, mas se você estiver usando o ActivePerl talvez necessite instalar o GD manualmente. Se este for o caso, siga estes passos:

No ppm do ActivePerl execute os seguintes comandos para adicionar repositório:

rep add http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppms
rep add http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/cgi-bin/ppmse...rn:/PPMServer58
rep add http://www.activestate.com/ppmpackages/5.8-windows/

Feito isto, chame o instalador por:

install GD

Isso irá instalar o GD na versão mais recente, caso isso não ocorra, tente executar diretamente estes outros procedimentos:

install http://www.gmod.org/ggb/ppm/GD.ppd
install http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppms/GD.ppd
install http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppmpackages/GD.ppd

Agora que você já possui o GD, poderá instalar outros módulos distribuidos pela CPAN que aumentam a capacidade de criação do GD e serão usados ao longo deste tutorial sobre GD.

Para instalá-los, você deverá sempre respeitar a hierarquia da pasta substituindo :: por /

Exemplo:

GD::Graph::area deverá ser instalado na pasta perl/site/lib/GD/Graph

I haven't really posted an updated graph since I did the first one so here's an update;

As you can see the actuals are just a little bit below the short term projections so I'm pretty happy about that! :)

(It looks better when I don't have to shrink the image as much to fit on this blog :P).

I've started getting back in to the exercise again and ugh I'm finding it really hard....damn that week of no exercise!

Thursday

Thursday feels like it was a years ago, not really sure what happened - I think we tried to play some C&C3 but it didn't work too good (had all sorts of problems).  I ended up playing some more magic with JD and that was good fun :)

I think I did 6km on the higher level - I had these horrible chicken mustard things from Lenards, won't be ordering them again!  (Note: the honey mustard kebabs are good, just didn't work so good on whatever part of the chicken these pieces were!).

Friday

Had lunch with the team, I had some Fish + Shrimp which was pretty tasty but I was still hungry so I ate some chips :(.  I also organised like a biscuits + cheese thing to go with our drinks and I had a few of those so felt pretty bad and thus didn't have a second shake - I did have a yogurt for dinner instead.  Also did another run because I was feeling guilty :)

Saturday

I cranked out the good mince and had some burgers and my god they were good!  As promised JD, I said "This IS a tasty burger!" :)

Also went for another run, think I did the shorter / more difficulty one.

It was my friend Drew's birthday slash "I've finally handed in my thesis after 5 years" partay, guess that means I should start calling him Dr Drew :) Good times were had by all, especially those "binge" drinking.  I forgot to mention I also had a couple of party pies whilst there, but I didn't have a second shake because I figured I'd probably snack on something there!

Sunday

My neighbour unexpectedly knocked on my door and asked me to fix her PC which I did gladly - she gave me a couple of bottles of wine for fixing it (she works for a wine company) and my god the white one is goooood!  I'm certainly not a wine connoisseur - in fact I normally hate the stuff but I was having some grilled sweet lip snapper for dinner and thought what the hell....The snapper was D.E.L.I.C.I.O.U.S and the wine just made it that much better...If you have stocks in Lenards now is  a good time to sell, I think I'm going to be on the "Fish and Wine diet" for the next couple of weeks :)

Did the longer but less intense run today - I also started doing some weights and ugh, I hurt all over ! :(

Played some magic against Scott and then some C&C3 against Scott / Adam which was fun...No wonder my house never gets cleaned!

Could really go a second glass of wine but I think I'll just try and hit the water, I'd be surprised if I'd drunk 1L let alone 2L like I'm supposed too!

I also had two people mention that I've lost weight (well one asked and the other said she noticed I had) so that was a bit of a plus and one of my mates said he reckoned he could see the difference the other week.  There are days where I reckon I can see it and other days where I don't reckon there's been any change but I think that's pretty normal.

Anyway I'm going to go to bed, need an early night! :)