Başlangıçtan bu yana Google'ın geliştiricileri, en hızlı ve en doğru sonuçları sağlamanın yeni bir sunucu kurulumu gerektirdiğinin farkındaydı. Birçok arama motoru yük yoğunlaştığında yavaşlayan az sayıdaki büyük sunucuyla idare etmeye çalışırken Google her sorunun cevabını hızlı bir şekilde bulmak için birbirine bağlı PC'ler kullanmaktadır. Bu yenilik, daha hızlı cevap süreleri, daha büyük bir ölçeklendirilebilirlik ve daha düşük maliyetlerle karşılığını bulmuştur. Diğer şirketler de bu fikri kopyalamıştır ama, Google, teknolojisini daha verimli kılmak için çabalamaya devam etmektedir.

Google'ın arama teknolojisinin arkasındaki yazılım bir saniyeden bile daha kısa bir süre gerektiren bir dizi eşzamanlı hesaplama yürütmektedir. Geleneksel arama motorları ağırlıklı olarak bir kelimenin bir web sayfasında hangi sıklıkta göründüğü temeline dayanmaktadır. Google web’in bütün bağlantı yapısını incelemek ve hangi sayfaların en önemli olduğunu belirlemek için PageRank™ teknolosini kullanmaktadır. Ardından, hangi sayfaların yürütülen özgül arama ile ilgili olduğunu belirlemek için yardımlı metin eşleştirme analizi yürütmektedir. Genel önem ve sorgulama ile ilgili bilgileri birleştiren Google, aranan konuyla en ilgili ve güvenilir sonucu ilk önce gösterebilmektedir.

• PageRank Teknolojisi: PageRank, 500 milyondan fazla değişken ve 2 milyar terimden oluşan bir denklemi çözerek web sayfalarının önemini ölçmektedir. Doğrudan bağlantıları saymak yerine, PageRank, Sayfa A'dan Sayfa B'ye bir bağlantıyı Sayfa A'nın Sayfa B'ye verdiği bir oy olarak yorumlamaktadır. Ardından PageRank bir sayfanın önemini aldığı oy sayısına göre değerlendirmektedir.

  PageRank ayrıca, bazı sayfalardan gelen oylar daha yüksek değerde olduğu ve bu nedenle bağlı sayfaya daha yüksek değer kazandırdığı için, oy atan her bir sayfanın önemini de dikkate almaktadır. Önemli sayfalar daha yüksek bir PageRank alır ve arama sonuçlarının en üstünde görünür. Google'ın teknolojisi, bir sayfanın önemini belirlemek için web'in ortak bilgilerini kullanmaktadır. Sonuçlarda hiçbir insan müdahalesi veya yönlendirmesi yoktur, bu nedenle kullanıcılar, ücretli sıralama ile bozulmamış nesnel bilgi kaynağı olarak Google'a güvenebileceklerini görmüştür.
  

• Hypertext Metin Eşleştirme Analizi: Google'ın arama motoru sayfa içeriğini de analiz etmektedir. Ancak Google teknolojisi, (site yayıncıları tarafından meta-taglarla manipüle edilebilecek) sayfa tabanlı metni basitçe taramak yerine, sayfanın tüm içeriğini, yazı karakterlerindeki faktörleri, alt bölümleri ve her bir kelimenin tam yerini analiz etmektedir. Google ayrıca döndürülen sonuçların kullanıcının sorusu ile en ilgili sonuç olduğundan emin olmak için komşu web sayfalarının içeriğini de analiz etmektedir.

Google'ın yenilikleri masaüstü ile bitmemektedir. Ayrıca Google, taşınabilir cihazlar aracılığıyla web'e erişen kullanıcılara doğru ve hızlı arama sonuçlarını ulaştırmak için, HTML sayfalarının WAP, i-mode, J-SKY ve EZWeb için optimize edilen biçimlere kablosuz ortamda çevrilmesine dönük ilk kablosuz arama teknolojisinin de öncülüğünü yapmıştır. Google, şu anda, AT&T Wireless, Sprint PCS, Nextel, Palm, Handspring ve Vodafone gibi birçok piyasa liderine kablosuz teknoloji sunmaktadır.

E isso é a só a ponta do novelo, pois rapidamente, posso listar serviços e produtos que estão na minha vida a maior parte do tempo desperto:

• Analiso a performance dos sites que gerencio ou participo através do Google Analytics e do Webmasters Tools.
• Ganho uns trocados com o Adsense.
• Me informo sobre baladas, notícias e eventos culturais pelo Google Reader.
• Mostro minha arte fotográfica e faço contatos através do álbum e comunidades do Orkut.
• Exercito a capacidade de análise e reflexão publicando artigos no Knol.
• Planejo minhas viajens e divulgo informações sobre minha cidade no Maps.
• Faço uma amiga gringa passar vontade de comer brigadeiro, coxinha e pastel de queijo com as fotos encontradas pelo Google Image Search.
• Dou risada, me informo, me aperfeiçôo e me admiro com a liberdade de expressão (e o alcance dessa expressão) que vídeos e posts no YouTube e Blogspot permitem.
• Lamento shows que perdi de artistas e bandas que não estão mais por aqui, relembro alguns dos que vi no YouTube e Google Video.
• Mantenho controle de meus prazos e cronograma no Google Calendar.
• Escrevo projetos, propostas e controlo finanças no Google Docs (que me livrou de ser obrigado a gastar uma grana absurda com o Microsoft Office para usar só o básico).
• Encontro código-fonte e softwares que dão boas idéias, ou mesmo solucionam problemas, em um projeto de software que estou participando.
• Gerencio toda a minha comunicação pessoal e profissional com o Gmail e o Gtalk. Que sem dúvida não substituem uma boa conversa de bar, totalmente offline, mas ajuda bastante a manter tudo em ordem e funcionando, principalmente agora que a versão Labs do Gtalk se integra ao Google Calendar e ao Orkut.
• Amplio o alcance das minhas idéias, utilizando o Google Translator para criar versões traduzidas (ainda que automaticamente e não muito corretamente) de páginas do blog. Útil especialmente quando estou com preguiça de reescreer um post em inglês ou quando quero ter uma idéia do que significa uma página em Russo, por exemplo. :-)
• Blogo e publico mais rápido, já que agora o Wordpress usa o Google Gears para acelerar a perfomance do gerenciador.
• E o mais importante: aprendi que para ter sucesso é preciso aplicar intensamente em seus produtos e serviços a filosofia e princípios que prega que norteiam sua missão.

Para não dizer que o Google é unanimidade na minha vida, ainda não confio no Picasa e prefiro publicar minhas fotos no Flickr, e prefiro publicar no Wordpress ao Blogger. Mas, ao menos na minha vida, talvez já esteja na hora de revisar Descartes:

Google, logo existo.

Bir oluşum düşünün. Bir garajda doğduğu iddia edilen, yıllar geçtikçe kalitesine kalite katan, yıllar geçtikçe piyasayı tamamen içine yutan... Neden mi bahsediyorum? Google'dan, İmparator Google'dan! Severek takip ettiğim Günay abim blogunda Google'ı "Hazreti Google" olarak tanımlamış. Bende izinden giderek, Google'ı "İmparator Google" olarak tanımlıyorum. Yakıştı ama değil mi? Kulağa da hoş geliyor; İmparator Google...

İmparator Google, daha yukarıda da belirttiğim gibi Sergey Brin ve Larry Page tarafından faaliyete geçirilmiştir. Kim bilir, belki de bu işe giriştikleri zaman "google.com" domainini alacak paraları dahi yoktu... Yok lan, şaka yapıyorum vardır elbet. Yok mudur lan yoksa? Neyse siz şimdi bana "başlatma ulan Larry'nin domain alacak - alamayacak parasından" diyeceksiniz. Haklısınız, biz asıl konumuza dönelim.

Efendim şimdi, mantıklı olarak düşündüğümüzde Google'ın piyasadaki "lider" olduğunu görememek büyük ahmaklık olur. Google Earth, Google Maps, Google Translate, Blogspot, Gmail, Adsense, Adwors gibi hizmetleri olan bir sistematik yapıyı düşünün. Bu hizmetlerin en azından birinden yararlanmayan var mıdır? Yoktur, yoktur...

İmparator Google, dediğim gibi liderdir.  Bunu hepimiz biliyoruz... Örneğin, özellikle Türkiye'de 1k (1.000) hitli bir site düşünün, bu sitenin hiti tamamen organik ise (tamamen arama motorlarından geliyor ise) %99,9'u Google'dan, %0,1'i Yahoo'dan gelir.

Garajdan başlayıp, dünya'nın her noktasında görkemli ofislere kadar uzanan Google gibi olabilmek açık bir şekilde imkansız. Neden? Yahoo'nun durumu ortada işte, Google'a rakip olarak lanse edilen Live.com'u hanginiz kullanıyor? Cuil ise tam bir fiyasko...

Google, İsviçre - Zürih ofisinden bir görüntü;

Google'ı seviyoruz, sende bizleri sev olur mu Google?

Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results. They also recognised that the higher their site ranking the more people would click on the website. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the earliest known use of the phrase search engine optimization was a spam message posted on Usenet on July 26, 1997.

Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provided a guide to each page's content. But using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable because the webmaster's account of keywords in the meta tag were not truly relevant to the site's actual keywords. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags caused pages to rank for irrelevant searches. Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.

By relying so much on factors exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search allowing those results to be false would turn users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate.

Graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed "backrub", a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links. PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.

Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. Off-page factors such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis were considered, as well as on-page factors, to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaining PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming. In recent years major search engines have begun to rely more heavily on off-web factors such as the age, sex, location, and search history of people conducting searches in order to further refine results.

By 2007, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. Google says it ranks sites using more than 200 different signals. The three leading search engines, Google, Yahoo and Microsoft's Live Search, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Notable SEOs, such as Rand Fishkin, Barry Schwartz, Aaron Wall and Jill Whalen, have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have published their opinions in online forums and blogs. SEO practitioners may also study patents held by various search engines to gain insight into the algorithms.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Search engine optimization knowledge

As a marketing strategy for increasing a site's relevance, SEO considers how search algorithms work and what people search for. SEO efforts may involve a site's coding, presentation, and structure, as well as fixing problems that could prevent search engine indexing programs from fully spidering a site. Another class of techniques, known as black hat SEO or spamdexing, use methods such as link farms and keyword stuffing that tend to harm search engine user experience. Search engines look for sites that employ these techniques and may remove them from their indices.

The initialism "SEO" can also refer to "search engine optimizers", terms adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site, SEO tactics may be incorporated into web site development and design. The term "search engine friendly" may be used to describe web site designs, menus, content management systems, URLs, and shopping carts that are easy to optimize.

History

Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early Web. Initially, all a webmaster needed to do was submit a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a spider to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be indexed. The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server, where a second program, known as an indexer, extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.

Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results. They also recognised that the higher their site ranking the more people would click on the website. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the earliest known use of the phrase search engine optimization was a spam message posted on Usenet on July 26, 1997.

Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provided a guide to each page's content. But using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable because the webmaster's account of keywords in the meta tag were not truly relevant to the site's actual keywords. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags caused pages to rank for irrelevant searches. Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.

By relying so much on factors exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search allowing those results to be false would turn users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate.

Graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed "backrub", a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links. PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.

Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. Off-page factors such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis were considered, as well as on-page factors, to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaining PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming. In recent years major search engines have begun to rely more heavily on off-web factors such as the age, sex, location, and search history of people conducting searches in order to further refine results.

By 2007, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. Google says it ranks sites using more than 200 different signals. The three leading search engines, Google, Yahoo and Microsoft's Live Search, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Notable SEOs, such as Rand Fishkin, Barry Schwartz, Aaron Wall and Jill Whalen, have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have published their opinions in online forums and blogs. SEO practitioners may also study patents held by various search engines to gain insight into the algorithms.

Webmasters and search engines

By 1997 search engines recognized that webmasters were making efforts to rank well in their search engines, and that some webmasters were even manipulating their rankings in search results by stuffing pages with excessive or irrelevant keywords. Early search engines, such as Infoseek, adjusted their algorithms in an effort to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings.

Due to the high marketing value of targeted search results, there is potential for an adversarial relationship between search engines and SEOs. In 2005, an annual conference, AIRWeb, Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web, was created to discuss and minimize the damaging effects of aggressive web content providers.

SEO companies that employ overly aggressive techniques can get their client websites banned from the search results. In 2005, the Wall Street Journal reported on a company, Traffic Power, which allegedly used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients. Wired magazine reported that the same company sued blogger Aaron Wall for writing about the ban. Google's Matt Cutts later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power and some of its clients.

Some search engines have also reached out to the SEO industry, and are frequent sponsors and guests at SEO conferences, chats, and seminars. In fact, with the advent of paid inclusion, some search engines now have a vested interest in the health of the optimization community. Major search engines provide information and guidelines to help with site optimization. Google has a Sitemaps program to help webmasters learn if Google is having any problems indexing their website and also provides data on Google traffic to the website. Yahoo! Site Explorer provides a way for webmasters to submit URLs, determine how many pages are in the Yahoo! index and view link information.

Getting indexed

The leading search engines, Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft, use crawlers to find pages for their algorithmic search results. Pages that are linked from other search engine indexed pages do not need to be submitted because they are found automatically. Some search engines, notably Yahoo!, operate a paid submission service that guarantee crawling for either a set fee or cost per click. Such programs usually guarantee inclusion in the database, but do not guarantee specific ranking within the search results. Yahoo's paid inclusion program has drawn criticism from advertisers and competitors. Two major directories, the Yahoo Directory and the Open Directory Project both require manual submission and human editorial review. Google offers Google Webmaster Tools, for which an XML Sitemap feed can be created and submitted for free to ensure that all pages are found, especially pages that aren't discoverable by automatically following links.

Search engine crawlers may look at a number of different factors when crawling a site. Not every page is indexed by the search engines. Distance of pages from the root directory of a site may also be a factor in whether or not pages get crawled.

Preventing indexing

Main article: Robots Exclusion Standard

To avoid undesirable content in the search indexes, webmasters can instruct spiders not to crawl certain files or directories through the standard robots.txt file in the root directory of the domain. Additionally, a page can be explicitly excluded from a search engine's database by using a meta tag specific to robots. When a search engine visits a site, the robots.txt located in the root directory is the first file crawled. The robots.txt file is then parsed, and will instruct the robot as to which pages are not to be crawled. As a search engine crawler may keep a cached copy of this file, it may on occasion crawl pages a webmaster does not wish crawled. Pages typically prevented from being crawled include login specific pages such as shopping carts and user-specific content such as search results from internal searches. In March 2007, Google warned webmasters that they should prevent indexing of internal search results because those pages are considered search spam.

White hat versus black hat

SEO techniques are classified by some into two broad categories: techniques that search engines recommend as part of good design and those techniques that search engines do not approve of and attempt to minimize the effect of, referred to as spamdexing. Industry commentators have classified these methods, and the practitioners who employ them, as either white hat SEO, or black hat SEO. White hats tend to produce results that last a long time, whereas black hats anticipate that their sites may eventually be banned either temporarily or permanently once the search engines discover what they are doing.

An SEO technique is considered white hat if it conforms to the search engines' guidelines and involves no deception. As the search engine guidelines are not written as a series of rules or commandments, this is an important distinction to note. White hat SEO is not just about following guidelines, but is about ensuring that the content a search engine indexes and subsequently ranks is the same content a user will see.

White hat advice is generally summed up as creating content for users, not for search engines, and then making that content easily accessible to the spiders, rather than attempting to trick the algorithm from its intended purpose. White hat SEO is in many ways similar to web development that promotes accessibility, although the two are not identical.

Black hat SEO attempts to improve rankings in ways that are disapproved of by the search engines, or involve deception. One black hat technique uses text that is hidden, either as text colored similar to the background, in an invisible div, or positioned off screen. Another method gives a different page depending on whether the page is being requested by a human visitor or a search engine, a technique known as cloaking.

Search engines may penalize sites they discover using black hat methods, either by reducing their rankings or eliminating their listings from their databases altogether. Such penalties can be applied either automatically by the search engines' algorithms, or by a manual site review.

One infamous example was the February 2006 Google removal of both BMW Germany and Ricoh Germany for use of deceptive practices. Both companies, however, quickly apologized, fixed the offending pages, and were restored to Google's list.

As a marketing strategy

Eye tracking studies have shown that searchers scan a search results page from top to bottom and left to right (for left to right languages), looking for a relevant result. Placement at or near the top of the rankings therefore increases the number of searchers who will visit a site. However, more search engine referrals does not guarantee more sales. SEO is not necessarily an appropriate strategy for every website, and other Internet marketing strategies can be much more effective, depending on the site operator's goals. A successful Internet marketing campaign may drive organic traffic to web pages, but it also may involve the use of paid advertising on search engines and other pages, building high quality web pages to engage and persuade, addressing technical issues that may keep search engines from crawling and indexing those sites, setting up analytics programs to enable site owners to measure their successes, and improving a site's conversion rate.

SEO may generate a return on investment. However, search engines are not paid for organic search traffic, their algorithms change, and there are no guarantees of continued referrals. Due to this lack of guarantees and certainty, a business that relies heavily on search engine traffic can suffer major losses if the search engines stop sending visitors. It is considered wise business practice for website operators to liberate themselves from dependence on search engine traffic. A top-ranked SEO blog Seomoz.org has reported, "Search marketers, in a twist of irony, receive a very small share of their traffic from search engines." Instead, their main sources of traffic are links from other websites.

International markets

A Baidu search results page

The search engines' market shares vary from market to market, as does competition. In 2003, Danny Sullivan stated that Google represented about 75% of all searches. In markets outside the United States, Google's share is often larger, and Google remains the dominant search engine worldwide as of 2007. As of 2006, Google held about 40% of the market in the United States, but Google had an 85-90% market share in Germany. While there were hundreds of SEO firms in the US at that time, there were only about five in Germany.^[44]

In Russia the situation is reversed. Local search engine Yandex controls 50% of the paid advertising revenue, while Google has less than 9%. In China, Baidu continues to lead in market share, although Google has been gaining share as of 2007.

Successful search optimization for international markets may require professional translation of web pages, registration of a domain name with a top level domain in the target market, and web hosting that provides a local IP address. Otherwise, the fundamental elements of search optimization are essentially the same, regardless of language.^[44]

Legal precedents

On October 17, 2002, SearchKing filed suit in the United States District Court, Western District of Oklahoma, against the search engine Google. SearchKing's claim was that Google's tactics to prevent spamdexing constituted a tortious interference with contractual relations. On May 27, 2003, the court granted Google's motion to dismiss the complaint because SearchKing "failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted."

In March 2006, KinderStart filed a lawsuit against Google over search engine rankings. Kinderstart's web site was removed from Google's index prior to the lawsuit and the amount of traffic to the site dropped by 70%. On March 16, 2007 the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (San Jose Division) dismissed KinderStart's complaint without leave to amend, and partially granted Google's motion for Rule 11 sanctions against KinderStart's attorney, requiring him to pay part of Google's legal expenses.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization

Não vou negar que alguns desses medos eu tenha. Mas mesmo com as pesquisas atuais com Redes Neurais, seria quase impossível uma extinção.

Mas continuamos as discussões tradicionais como não deixaria de ser.
Mas temos bons(acho) exemplos da utilização de AI como a declaração de Larry Page no começo do ano:

O Google está trabalhando para criar inteligência artificial.
“Não é tão complicado como parece”, disse o co-fundador do Google.

O sistema de hierarquização do que é produzido e publicado na web pelo Google já cria em si uma forma de inteligência.

O Google traduz necessidades do pensamento coletivo e "desejos" dos seus usuários. O mesmo tipo de processo é utilizado pela Google para as demais ferramentas: gmail por exemplo.

Sobre o livro!? Ainda mal comecei, falta de tempo mesmo. Diferente de uma máquina, eu preciso dormir.

Abraço,
Ederson Melo

Este término lo escuché por primera vez en el año 2007, de voz del Ingeniero Luis Furlán en el Congreso de Estudiantes de Ciencias y Sistemas COECYS, y pues el otro día leyendo el uno de los periodicos de circulación nacional, encontre de nuevo el término y una descripción, que a continuación transcribo.

"Este es el nombre de número formado por un uno seguido de cien ceros. Fue nombrado por el sobrino del matemático Edward Kasner cuando este le pidió un nombre para esa cantidad. De ahí proviene el nombre del buscador más utilizado hoy en día, Google."

En 1938, el término fue acuñado por el sobrino de Kasner, Milton Sirotta, un niño de tan solo nueve años de edad. El término fue anunciado en el libro Las matemáticas y la imaginación, una obra de Kasner.

Sin embargo detras de este chorro de ceros se encuentra la historia del nombre de Google. Y es que en un inicio Sergey Brin y Larry Page debido a la grandesa de este numero decidieron llamar asi al ahora famoso motor de busqueda, pero debido a que Larry escribió mal el nombre al momento de inscribir legalmente al buscador, ahora lo conocemos como Google. Tambien cabe mencionar que para ese entonces parece que el dominio googol.com, no esta disponible, pero Google.com sí.

Sí, imaginan un uno seguido de cien ceros, sería algo asi como 1 E100 ó 1 * 10^100. Diez mil hexadecillones.

Todo un super numero, no?

Bueno no me queda mas que decir, googol saludos para todos.

PageRank adalah sebuah algorithma analis link yang mewakili bobot angka pada setiap elemen hyperlink dari setiap dokumen seperti World Wide Web, dengan tujuan seberapa pentingnya dia. Alogarithma ini bisa diaplikasikan pada jumlah penerimaan sebuah koleksi dalam tanda kutip ataupun referensi.

Description

PageRank pada web menggunakan link struktur sebagai sebuah indikator nilai sebuah halaman. Kenyataannya, Google menginterpretasikan sebuah link dari halaman A ke halaman B sebagai sebuah suara, dari halaman A untuk halaman B. Namun, Google tidak hanya melihat dari sekedar jumlah suara, atau jumlah link halaman yang diterima, ia juga menganalisa halaman yang memberikan suara/link tersebut. Suara yang berasal dari halaman yang penting dan berbobot akan lebih diutamakan dan membuat halaman lain menjadi lebih penting.
Dalam arti lain, sebuah PageRank merupakan voting dari halaman lain pada World Wide Web mengenai betapa pentingnya sebuah halaman web. Sebuah hyperlink ke sejumah halaman merupakan voting yang membantu. PageRank dari sebuah halaman didefinisikan tergantung pada jumlah dan nilai PageRank semua halaman yang melakukan link padanya “incoming link”. Sebuah halaman yang di link oleh banyak halaman dengan PageRank yang tinggi akan menerima ranking yang tinggi.

Google memberikan nilai 0-10 untuk setiap halaman web pada Internet; PageRank ini mewakili betapa pentingnya dimata Google. PageRank menggunakan theoretical “probability value” pada alogaritmanya seperti relevansinya terhadap kata kata pencarian pada halaman aktual serta yang dilaporkan oleh Google toolbar juga mempengaruhi PageRank.

History

PageRank awalnya dikembangkan di Stanford University oleh Larry Page dan kemudian Sergey Brin sebagai bagian dari proyek penelitian tentang jenis baru search engine. Proyek ini dimulai tahun 1995 memiliki sebuah functional prototype, yang bernama Google, pada tahun 1998. Tidak lama sesudahnya, Page dan Brin mendirikan Google Inc., perusahaan dibawah Google search engine. Pada saat banyak faktor yang menentukan hasil ranking Google search, PageRank maju terus untuk memberikan pelayanan terhadap basis pada semua tool Google's web search.
PageRank dibuat berdasarkan citation analysis yang dikembangkan pada tahun 1950an oleh Eugene Garfield di University of Pennsylvania, dan penemu Google's, Garfield's bekerja dalam tulisannya. Dengan menelusuri link dari halaman satu ke halaman lainnya, virtual komuniti dari webpages ditemukan. Web link analysis awalnya dikembangkan oleh Jon Kleinberg dan timnya ketika bekerja pada proyek CLEVER di IBM's Almaden Research Center.

Algorithma

PageRank merupakan probability distribution yang digunakan untuk mewakili halaman yang lain yang mirip dimana seseorang akan secara acak melakukan klik pada link yang menuju pada halaman tersebut. PageRank bisa juga di kalkulasikan untuk sejumlah koleksi dokumen. Ia diasumsikan dalam beberapa penelitian tulisan dimana distribusinya biasanya terbagi di antara semua dokumen didalam koleksi pada awal proses komputasi. Komputasi PageRank memerlukan beberapa kunci, yang dinamakan "pertalian", melalui koleksi yang ada untuk memperhitungkan perkiraan nilai PageRank lebih dekat terhadap nilai theoretical sehingga mendekati kebenaran.

Sebuah kemungkinan bisa saja diekspresikan sebagai angka antara 0 and 1. Angka kemungkinan umumnya diekspresikan sebagai "50% chance" dari sesuatu yang terjadi. Hence, sebuah PageRank dari 0.5 maksudnya adalah bahwa kita anggap seseorang 50% akan melakukan klik pada sembarang link dan didirect ke dokumen itu pada PageRank 0,5.

Simplified algorithm

Bagaimana cara kerja PageRank

Diasumsikan sebuah dunia kecil memiliki 4 halaman: A, B, C dan D. Perkiraan awal PageRank akan dibagi menjadi 4 dokumen ini. Hence, setiap dokumen akan memiliki awal nilai PageRank 0.25.
Dalam nilai aslinya, PageRank nilai awalnya adalah 1. Maksudnya bahwa jumlah ini merupakan jumlah nilai semua halaman pada web. Versi PageRank terakhir mengasumsikan kemungkinan antara 0 dan 1. Untuk mudahnya disini hence memberikan nilai awal 0.25.

Jika halaman B, C, dan D hanya memiliki link ke A, mereka masing-masing memberi 0.25 PageRank ke A.

Artinya 0.75.

Dengan anggapan bahwa B juga memiliki link ke C, dan D memiliki link kesemua tiga halaman lainnya. Nilai yang diberikan akan dibagi dengan jumlah link yang keluar.

Dengan kata lain, PageRank memperhitungkan outbound link L( ) sama dengan nilai PageRank dibagi jumlah outbound link.

Dalam rumus umum, nilai PageRank bisa di tulis :

Damping factor

Beberapa studi telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan damping factor yang berbeda, tetapi pada umumnya damping factor memiliki nilai sekitar 0.85.
Damping factor adalah pengurangan dari 1

atau (N = jumlah koleksi dokumen)

Google melakukan kalkulasi nilai PageRank setiap melakukan crawls di Web dan menyusun ulang indexnya. Sebagaimana Google menambah jumlah dokumen dalam koleksinya, Nilai inisial PageRank akan berkurang untuk semua dokumen.

Ketika melakukan kalkulasi PageRank, halaman tanpa outbound link akan diasumsikan memiliki link ke semua halaman didalam koleksi.

Banyak strategi untuk memanipulasi PageRank telah dilakukan untuk menaikkan nilai rangking melalui advertising link. Google bisa mengetahui semua aktifitas ini. Pada December 2007 Google mulai melakukan penalty terhadap situs yang menjual text link untuk tujuan ini. Bagaimana Google mengidentifikasi manipulasi PageRank ini merupakan rahasia Google.

Their first-first post is about a proposal to change how some internet software works. It's a great first concept, but nothing was done to establish it in the blogosphere. Their real first post, written almost a month later, completely ignores the aforementioned one, and apologizes for Google's late start to blogging.

I'm not a fan of either.

"A good way to get rid of bad software?" (unofficial first)

"Is this thing on?" (official first)

Schon im Jahre 2007 spekulierte die Fachwelt über eine mögliche Einführung eines "Google branded Mobile Phones". Die Gerüchte verstummten aber nach der Bekanntgabe einer Zusammenarbeit mit Android (OpenSource).

Nun haben Googles "Big3", Larry Page, Sergei Brin sowie CEO Eric Schmidt die Gerüchteküche erneut angeheizt: "The trio of Google execs also used the opportunity to talk about the inroads the company is making with its own branded mobile phone as a replacement for the iPhone” schreibt Dan Cox (Hollywood Reporter writer).

Zudem existieren weitere Gerüchte, dass Google eine Zusammenarbeit mit dem Design-Unternehmen Ammunition eingegangen ist, welches schon Produkte für HP, DELL und Logitech entworfen hat.

Kommt das GPhone, so würde dies die dominante Marktposition von Google noch weiter ausbauen und Cross-medialen (automatisierten) Kampagnen würden Tür und Tor geöffnet werden.

Gefunden bei:  TechCrunch

"We have a mantra: Don't be evil, which is to do the best things we know how for our users, for our customers, for everyone. So I think if we were known for that, it would be a wonderful thing." Larry Page

Ternyata mantra Larry Page selaku pendiri google memang benar, Don't be evil... Manfaat google telah menjangkau semua kalangan (everyone), tidak terkecuali para pelajar/siswa. Kenalkan google sejak kecil pada anak, saya yakin prestasi sekolahnya akan naik. Kenapa? Karena ternyata google mempunyai beberapa fasilitas luar biaas yang dapat membantu siswa belajar dan mengerjakan tugas (bahkan untuk level mahasiswa sekalipun!). Beberapa fasilitas handal tersebut antara lain:

1. Kalkulator

Oke ini mungkin fitur yang tidak terlalu spesial karena rata2 pelajar sudah punya kalkulator. Lalu apa bedanya dengan kalkulator google? Bedanya adalah google mampu melakukan perhitungan matematis tingkat tinggi dengan waktu cepat. Coba hitung nilai dari (8*12)-(21/4+2) dengan kalkulator biasa...Yup, cape deh... Sekarang masukan persamaan tadi ke dalam google dan dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik Anda sudah mendapatkan hasilnya... Beberapa contoh perhitungan rumit yang bisa diselesaikan dengan google:

• 56*78
• e^(ipi)+1
• G*(6e24 kg)/(4000 miles)^2

Klik di sini untuk melihat fungsi selengkapnya...

2. Konversi Unit

Google menyediakan fasilitas untuk melakukan konversi perhitungan dari berbagai unit, seperti berat, tinggi, mata uang, temperatur/suhu, waktu, informasi, volume, area, dsb. Berikut contohnya:

• 100 miles in kilometers
• 0x7d3 in roman numerals
• 0b1100101*0b1001
• 30 celsius in fahrenheit

Hmm, apa lagi yak? Mau menghitung berat bulan? Ho3, no problemo et all : (G*mass of the moon*100 pounds/(radius of the moon)^2) to pounds force

3. Definisi Istilah

Bingung dengan istilah2 asing? Cari saja definisinya di google... Memang sih kosakata untuk bahasa Indonesia belum terlalu banyak, tapi saya kira ini hanya menunggu waktu saja. Untuk mencari definisi suatu istilah, tinggal tuliskan 'define istilah' atau bisa juga dengan cara 'define: istilah'.

4. Pemeriksa Ejaan

Bingung dengan istilah2 asing yang sering muncul saat ini? Cari saja ejaan yang benarnya di google. Ini juga banyak membantu saya menulis skripsi kemarin. Beberapa ejaan yg saya kurang mengerti langsung saya masukan ke paman google untuk mengetahui yang benarnya.

Hmm, saya test yak. Bagaimana ejaan (inggris) filipina? a) Philipines b) Phillipines c) Phillippines...

5. Melengkapi Kalimat

Siapa penemu bola lampu? Oke, mungkin Anda masih ragu jawabannya, tanyakan saja hal ini ke om google. Lagi2 dia akan memberitahukannya kpd kita. Cukup tulisakan saja kalimat awalnya dan akhiri dengan tanda asterisk '*' untuk mendapatkan kalimat lengkapnya... Beberapa contoh lain:

• Telepon ditemukan oleh *
• Columbus penemu *
• Temukan Roy Suryo *

No comment buat yg terakhir... google aja ogah, apalagi saia...

6. Globe & Atlas

Google juga bisa berfungsi sebagai Globe & Atlas untuk melihat peta suatu daerah. Tinggal masukkan daerah yg dimaksud dan tambahkan kata 'peta' atau 'map' untuk memunculkan hasilnya. Untuk lebih lengkapnya bisa menggunakan Google Maps dan Google Earth.

7. Membantu Mengerjakan PR

Hi3, ini yg paling penting... Semua PR di sekolah sebenarnya bisa dicari jawabnya di google. Tapi tergantung kreativitas siswa juga. Karena pertanyaan tadi harus dikonversi ke bahasa inggris dulu. Caranya gampang saja, tinggal masukkan pertanyaan yg dimaksud dengan disertai tanda kutip ("xxx") untuk mendapatkan jawabannya...

REFERENSI:

• Gfanatic
• Google
• Google Guide

The first condition is a stable political environment. There can not be any long-term political stability without the consent of the governed. This consent must be reaffirmed periodically, not later than 4-6 years. When a government looses the confidence of the governed, there must be a peaceful transfer of power as and when necessary. A single party in power breeds corruption, cronyism and stalemate, no matter how well intentioned. No country in the world has sustained growth and prosperity over long periods of time, without a political consensus. How many of the BRIC countries would qualify in this test?

The second and probably the most important condition is the 'Rule of Law'. Every country must have a written 'Constitution', giving equal protection to all it's citizens under all circumstances. There must be an independent Judiciary, capable of interpreting the laws and providing justice to all including the foreigners and international agreements. The government must be accountable to the Courts and Justices. The Executive and the Legislator must stand by the law of the land. Without the rule of law and the transparency of justice, long term trade and agreements can not be sustained. Where do BRIC countries stand on this?

Another important condition for the 'Emerging Economies', is the development of Intellectual Infrastructure. We are not just talking about basic educational institutions, we are talking about the world-class universities and research laboratories. How many countries around the world have centers of excellence like Stanford, Harvard, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Cambridge and Oxford? How many countries produce innovators like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Jerry Yang, Larry Page and Sergey Brin? Would Brazil, Russia, India and China, encourage students from around the world to come to their Universities and do research, find jobs, raise families and then become full citizens of their countries?

Immigration has been the foundation of an idea called "America". The United States of America was founded by immigrants. Few would know that even their 'Revolutionary War' for independence was fought by Irish immigrants who were not even born in America. Hundreds of thousands of people come to The United States every year and over time become permanent residents and finally citizens of this country. It is the genius of these immigrants, that has fired the imagination of this country. Immigrants have rejuvenated the creative instincts of this 'Economic Power House'. If BRIC countries and others around the world aspire to be the great powers of the 21st Century, they would have to learn to live with others, in peace and harmony.

Google Chief Executive Larry Page and President George Prescott Bush, who has agreed to return to the White House for the final months of his term, announced the agreement in a joint news conference this morning.

“We are selling the assets back to you for the same $300 zillion that we paid,” Page said. “I just want the dump this bloody thing as soon as I can.”

Since Google closed its purchase of the federal government in April, Page has weathered a shareholder revolt led by nonagerian billionaire Carl Icahn and an attempted military coup by former Sen. Hillary Clinton.  Clinton’s troops held Page and his family captive for two weeks until moon troops swept in and toppled the regime.  While the public seemed to be satisfied with the privatization of the federal government, tradtional power brokers warned that Google was turning into a dangerous technocratic empire.  

Bush said his first order of business will be to reassemble Congress and the executive branch, and to pardon all conservatives held as prisoners in Googleplex cells, except for pundit Ann Coulter.

“I don’t think anybody knows what to do with that nut job,” said a Bush supporter who asked to remain anonymous.  

Bush said he will decide how to punish Clinton for her attempt to take over the nation. But Democrats argue that the fact that former First Lady was forced to share a cell with Coulter should be punishment enough.   

Meanwhile, both the Democratic and Republican parties promised to proceed with their conventions that had been cancelled when the U.S. was sold.   Bush has not yet said whether he will seek re-election.  Democrats reportedly considering a presidential bid include former Senator Sherrod Brown (Ohio), Rep. Adrian Fenty (D.C.), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Angelina Jolie, and, of course, Rep. Dennis Kucinich (Ohio).

Sarcastic Quote: Bill Gates at a press meeting:"Google is still,you know,perfect."

Yahoo! had unveiled a brand new search engine earlier today,finally ending it's long time use of Google powered search results. This new search engine boasts of an all new ranking and index mechanism,different from those of Google's apart from several other exclusive assets.In October of 2002,Yahoo had made the significant change by replacing the manually compiled listings directory search with a Google enabled search.

The company brought a lot of talent under directive through a series of successful acquisitions,recruitment,investment in product quality and improvement of technology.

The results of the above adopted measures have been steadily evident for at least the past one year.In April,last year the company introduced a streamlined search page with new tabs that allowed access to Yahoo! news,yellow pages and directory listings.

Please note that the new search is meant only for web pages. Image search will continue to be provided by Google and news search continues to be a hybrid mixture of Yahoo's technological and editorial resources.

The new search page of Yahoo looks very similar to Google's search page and results yielded are almost identical at the top. But once you dig further into the results (delve further) you find that the results begin diverging dramatically and drastically. This is likely because of Yahoo's experience in dealing with spam though both search engines are likely using the same formula or algorithm.

The Index

Yahoo search is capturing the full text of all web pages, upto a 500k limit compared to Google's maximum limit of 101k.A broad range of file types,including HTML,PDF and Microsoft Office documents are in the mix.

Also Yahoo reports more results no matter what the query,more than even Google. Though this not a clear indicator as to who has the higher number of indexed pages(for results can be notoriously unrelated and trippy) it certainly means that Yahoo finally does have a seacrh engine comparable with Google's.

Can it be possible that the ultimate search engine -Google is going to be toppled by a stepped up Yahoo! search?Don't draw any hasty conclusions,let me remind you of the consequences MSN had to face for going head to head with the very best in the business.

In 2004,MSN crawled 5 billion web pages,besting Google's comprehensiveness of 4 billion pages. Hours before Gates was to make a grand announcement about their success,Google broke in with news and official records to support that they had now successfully doubled their tally by crawling 8 billion web pages-encompassing virtually all known web sites. Microsft was once agin caught flat footed and red faced

I shall pass a definitive verdict only after taking stock of Google's reply.This is what search engine authority,searchengine watch have to say about the entire business-

"We're impressed with the quality of results that Yahoo is delivering. It's a very viable alternative to Google and the other "last engine standing," Ask Jeeves/Teoma.

I must catch up on the next Euro match. Until my next post keep youself occupied with

A Question:How are co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin related to Inktomi-the search engine bought by Yahoo one year back?

Readers,feel free to post comments or random wild guesses/answers to the question above on the comments page.

People within the company say U.S. of Google Chief Executive Larry Page has quickly grown frustrated with integrating the archaic federal systems that the company acquired in a $300 zillion deal in April.  The military coup that Clinton attempted to pull off earlier this month has accelerated his desire to shed the federal assets after just two month’s of ownership, they say.  Clinton’s robot troops stormed the Googleplex on June 5 and held Page and his family captive for two weeks, until lunar troops flew in and toppled the Clinton regime on Monday.

“Who needs this [expletive],” Page is quoted as saying as he emerged from the room in which he had been held hostage.

Google faces a lot of challenges in selling off the U.S. assets. First, it is quite possible that the American people will not want to buy back the government. Polls show Americans have been more satisfied with the government under corporate ownership than with the original taxpayer-financed format.

Secondly, it may have trouble identifying leaders to negotiate with now that the political structure has largely been dismantled.  Members of Congress and White House staff, along with the presidential administration, have all been laid off.  It is unclear who would step forward to enter talks with Google executives.

Should the company be successful in shedding the federal assets, Americans may end up voting in a presidential election this fall after all.  Former President George Prescott Bush, currently living with his family in the basement of his father Jeb’s Miami home, will likely revive his re-election campaign.  Democrats will need to scramble to come up with a candidate, since Janeane Garafalo, who had been seeking the presidential nomination prior to Google’s April purchase of the government, has since launched her own Web talk show and has said she will not restart her  campaign.

Political vloggers are also speculating that independent Ahmnodt Heare may enter the race once again.  Heare has run in every presidential election since 2008.

TED describes itself in the following words...

TED stands for Technology, Entertainment, Design. It started out (in 1984) as a conference bringing together people from those three worlds. Since then its scope has become ever broader.

The annual conference now brings together the world's most fascinating thinkers and doers, who are challenged to give the talk of their lives (in 18 minutes).

This site makes the best talks and performances from TED available to the public, for free.

I mention TED for several reasons...

1. TED is an extremely influential Internet soapbox for sharing ideas.  If you have read my posts regarding the search for a Tipping Point for the Montessori movement, you will remember that the Early Adopters are "the opinion leaders in the community, the respected, thoughtful people who watched and analyzed what those wild Innovators were doing and then followed suit" (Gladwell, 2002).  TED is an excellent venue for reaching world opinion leaders.
2. There are already 2 TED talks that at least mention Montessori.  2 out of 210 talks. These talks are described below.
3. Angeline S. Lillard, PhD would be a phenomenal speaker for TED.  More about this below. 

 These 2 TED speakers mention Montessori Education as a significant influence in their lives.

• Will Wright, explains in the first few minutes that his Montessori Education in Atlanta was the high point of his education, and that he conceives of his highly successful computer games (SimCity, Sims, and more) as modern Montessori "toys".  This is a very interesting concept and I personally think that Montessori Auto-Didactic computer materials would be an interesting approach to more advanced studies such as higher mathematics and theoretical science.
• Sergey Brin and Larry Page: Inside the Google Machine explain google and briefly mention their Montessori education about 8minutes 50 seconds into the speech.  It is interesting to watch the video and consider how a Montessori education may have influenced their decisions and approach to business.

If Angeline S. Lillard PhD was invited to speak at TED, her speech could throw a bright light on the Montessori method are rekindle interest in the academic and world communities.

Please help nominate Angeline S Lillard PhD by completing this simple web form at the TED website.  Click here.

I have included the information that I typed into the form.  You are welcome to use it as a starting point for your answers if you like.

Gladwell, M. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. New York: Back Bay Books.

“The world is better off with Rush Limbaugh, Ann Coulter and Sean Hannity behind bars,” Page said in a Web address to the nation.

Shortly after seizing the country in a violent coup, Clinton ordered her robot troops to begin rounding up well-known conservative commentators. In his speech, Page condemned Clinton’s actions as "selfish, presumptuous and bitchy," but said he sees no reason to reverse her arrest of the prominent conservatives.

The machohideen, a group of celebrity Republicans who formed to rebel against the Clinton regime, issued a statement decrying Page’s decision.

“We were ready to call off our rebellion, but Mr. Page’s decision may force us to go forward with our plans so we can rescue these respected journalists,” the statement said.  “However, we may allow Page to keep Ms. Coulter under arrest, since we don’t like to claim her as one of our own anyway.”