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	<title>milton-friedman &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/milton-friedman/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "milton-friedman"</description>
	<pubDate>Sat, 26 Jul 2008 08:40:43 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[Chicago vs. Chicago]]></title>
<link>http://kempton.wordpress.com/?p=2419</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2008 05:52:50 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kempton</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kempton.wordpress.com/?p=2419</guid>
<description><![CDATA[May be it is a coincident, but the last time I had so much fun reading a fierce debate in economics,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>May be it is a coincident, but the last time I had so much fun reading a fierce debate in economics, it was also related to <strong><a title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" target="_blank">Milton Friedman</a></strong>. I will write more on that next.</p>
<p>Here is <a title="http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/john.cochrane/research/Papers/friedman_letter_comments.htm" href="http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/john.cochrane/research/Papers/friedman_letter_comments.htm" target="_blank">one University of Chicago professor (John Cochrane) critiquing</a> a <a title="http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/john.cochrane/research/Papers/friedman_letter.htm" href="http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/john.cochrane/research/Papers/friedman_letter.htm" target="_blank">protest letter signed by over 100 University of Chicago professors</a>. I personally think <a title="http://www.chicagogsb.edu/faculty/bio.aspx?&#38;min_year=20074&#38;max_year=20093&#38;person_id=30504" href="http://www.chicagogsb.edu/faculty/bio.aspx?&#38;min_year=20074&#38;max_year=20093&#38;person_id=30504" target="_blank">John</a> did a wonderful job and cleanly exposed the flaws in the protest letter. The two posts are short, have a quick read as I think you may enjoy it. And then you be the judge if John makes sense?</p>
<p>[HT <a title="http://byrontkp.blogspot.com/2008/07/milton-friedman-institute.html" href="http://byrontkp.blogspot.com/2008/07/milton-friedman-institute.html" target="_blank">Byron</a>]</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Noam Chomsky on pornography]]></title>
<link>http://musefree.wordpress.com/?p=503</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2008 00:02:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Abhishek</dc:creator>
<guid>http://musefree.wordpress.com/?p=503</guid>
<description><![CDATA[(Post updated)
Via Reason, I discovered this old video of Chomsky pontificating about pornography a]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(Post updated)</p>
<p>Via <a href="http://www.reason.com/blog/show/127736.html">Reason</a>, I discovered this old video of Chomsky pontificating about pornography and expressing his view that the government should 'eliminate the conditions in which women can get these jobs', which is, of course, a long-winded way of saying 'ban it'.</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/SNlRoaFTHuE'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/SNlRoaFTHuE&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Chomsky's argument is wrong on so many levels that it is impossible to salvage anything useful out of it. The sad thing is that so many people consider him an intellectual giant.</p>
<p>Here's <a href="http://election08.videosift.com/video/Chomsky-Libertarianism-vs-American-Libertarianism">another video</a> of Chomsky, one in which he explains why he calls himself a 'libertarian socialist'. During much of it, Chomsky is nitpicking about etymology (and commiting some serious historical errors); however for me the interesting bit comes at the end, when Chomsky says he is a 'conservative' in the true meaning of the term. To understand the relevance of this description, recall that the great Milton Friedman <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfdRpyfEmBE">liked to describe himself</a> as really a 'liberal'. In the US of course, Chomsky is viewed as a liberal and Friedman a conservative. </p>
<p>Chomsky and Friedman are right -- the words conservative and liberal aren't so much about ideology as they are about a mindset. Friedman was a dynamist who wanted things to change. Chomsky, despite his anarchist claims, is an old-fashioned statist who really wishes to maintain and conserve the collectivist society that has been in force for much of human history. Thus, when Chomsky says he is a conservative, he is being surprisingly accurate; the word explains a lot of his regressive and self-contradictory views.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Revisiting the Disastrous Dark Side]]></title>
<link>http://admirim.wordpress.com/?p=72</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 19 Jul 2008 14:02:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Admirim Luboteni</dc:creator>
<guid>http://admirim.wordpress.com/?p=72</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Books seem to have their own video trailers nowadays!
In this nicely designed video you will be intr]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="margin-bottom:0;">Books seem to have their own video trailers nowadays!</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">In this nicely designed video you will be introduced to <a href="http://www.naomiklein.org/shock-doctrine">Naomi Klein's book “Shock Doctrine:The Rise of Disaster Capitalism”</a>. (<a href="http://admirim.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/profit-making-disaster-capitalists-way/">Earlier about her</a>)</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/kieyjfZDUIc'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/kieyjfZDUIc&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0;">What do coups, wars, massacres, terrorist attacks, invasions, natural disasters have in common? Something you wouldn't normally think of: the enrichment and the establishment of an oligarchy and the advancement of the special interests of this tiny minority of people at the expense of the poor . If you want to protect yourself from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>'s so-called <em>trickle-down </em>(in fact poor and middle-class exploiting) <span style="font-style:normal;">mentality (well illustrated in his own words “Only a crisis actual or perceived produces real change”) then get informed about the way this social-Darwinistic cannibalism functions. </span><em>Information is shock resistance- arm yourself!</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Milton Friedman's Enemies or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Capitalism]]></title>
<link>http://libertarianeuropa.wordpress.com/?p=26</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2008 01:23:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>libertarianeuropa</dc:creator>
<guid>http://libertarianeuropa.wordpress.com/?p=26</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Milton Friedman forever has a special place in my heart. At a time when I grew increasingly distraug]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Milton Friedman forever has a special place in my heart. At a time when I grew increasingly distraught with the constant bad reasoning and nonsense of those I considered my fellow socialists, he presented a vision and picture of capitalism that none of my (then) fellow socialists would dare see. It was the vision of capitalism as being fundamentally linked to freedom and, alongside the utter beauty of his economic and political vision, was the fact that it was well-reasoned, plausible and, above all, on the right track.</p>
<p>I find the fact that the University of Chicago has chosen to honour him with the naming of the Milton Friedman Institute commendable. He has created a lasting and powerful intellectual legacy that has created much good, promoting the cause of freedom at a time when much darker ideologies battled for the very souls of humanity. Ideologies that, even in the zenith (or, if you like, nadir) of my socialist leanings seemed detestable to me. He defended, with wit and reason, the cause of liberty at a time when the academic left, gorged on its own myopic nature and with its love of cheap parlour-trick styles of debate, were on the offensive.</p>
<p>Still, the it is never that simple and the academic left has opposed the naming of the Institute at Chicago after him on grounds that it would present the picture that the University supports Friedman's position. They cite the doctrine of diversity as support for the University distancing itself from his views and, finally, they cite the false idea that Friedman has actively encouraged atrocious events in world politics.</p>
<p>All of these are easy to knock out, of course. First, the university need not be recognising anything other than his phenomenal achievement in economics, political philosophy and ethics. James Pierson <a href="http://www.newcriterion.com/posts.cfm/Academics-disgrace-themselves--again--4936">wrote</a> that the "question here is not really whether or not the University of Chicago should have a center named for Milton Friedman, but whether or not it deserves to have one." This seems a fair claim when one considers that Friedman was an advocate of the free expression and exchange of ideas and it is that very legacy that this centre would seek to uphold. This is surely a fine principle in a place that is supposed to be about engaging one's opinions freely and openly with those of others.</p>
<p>This leads to the point about diversity. Diversity, as proposed in American university life, is the seemingly noble-featured mask under which lies the sinister face of the American academic left. Even the most causal reading of Friedman's work reveals that the ability to express and defend any position one chooses, no matter how distasteful to the public mind, was a dearly held principle. How could it possibly be that those who hold up diversity (of opinions) would oppose Friedman's beliefs in freedom of speech, conscience and expression?</p>
<p>The simple answer is that the left does not truly believe in free speech, free expression or free conscience. In the above posted article, Pierson quotes a statement from the University's own Center for Gender Studies:</p>
<p>"The Center for Gender Studies consolidates work on gender and sexuality, and in feminist, gay and lesbian, and queer studies. Along with fostering teaching, research, and discussion at the University, <strong>the Center seeks to reach out into public areas where gender and sexuality come together with other political, social, artistic, and intellectual concerns. </strong>  </p>
<p>Women have very different stories to tell about the experiments in co-education and faculty diversification; the experience of the classroom, the laboratory, the dorm, and the streets of Hyde Park; the problems of mentorship, intellectual community, and career advancement; <strong>the opportunities for political action and community involvement, for friendship, romance, and sexual experimentation. </strong>"</p>
<p>The emphasis is his own and I believe it makes the point well. This centre has a political agenda built within its mission statement. Could one, with seemingly good intent, enter such a centre to study gender relations from a radically conservative perspective? A glance at FIRE's website (see my earlier articles) shows how the left treats those who have differing views. </p>
<p>This point is made time and time again by Friedman: he compares, in <em>Capitalism and Freedom</em>, the idea of a socialist arguing for his case in a decentralised economically and politically free society and that of a capitalist arguing his in a centralised socialist state. Even if he has freedom of conscience, he cannot produce leaflets, acquire radio and television time or seek academic honours since the unsupportive socialist government would control the means to these things.</p>
<p>I am, to a large extent, tired of the false claim of diversity. The American left has no belief in diversity. I grow weary of this notion of the "socially-liberal left". To be a socialist is to be an authoritarian, no matter how one dresses it up. It is to believe that the government has a stronger say in how individuals choose to live their lives, to direct their labours and to decide what to do with the fruit of those labours. The academic left in the States have no interest in the free exchange of ideas or seriously putting its ideology on the line. It is interested only in whatever slimy methods it can use to insure that the next generation are repeating left ideology on the generation after. Socialism is a cancer that wants to blot out all other options, for all its good intentions. If the road to hell is paved with good intentions then the road of socialism leads straight to Cocytus.</p>
<p>A classic example of this attempt to blot other options with cheap tricks is Naomi Klein's book <em>The Shock Doctrine</em>. This leads to the final point in that Klein plays the Evil Queen and her book is the mirror that shows her and her readers want they want to see in Friedman. Some of the accusations are merely from passages taken out of context (that Friedman encouraged using disasters to further capitalist political ends) and some are downright lies (that Friedman actively advised and supported Pinochet's regime). Klein is a good example of socialism's ability to lie through its teeth in order to push its position. When socialists stops treating capitalism like a Shylock-esque villain and start realising that there is a genuine noble intent behind it, they may producing engaging critiques. My theory, however, is that they will just walk the same road that I did.</p>
<p>I concede a high-level of rhetoric here, but I have come to the conclusion over this whole affair that socialism is not merely a misguided doctrine that intends for the good, but also contains within a lot of slimy bastards who have no love of freedom, diversity and free, open exchange of ideas when these things are politically inconvenient to their wretched socialism. Still, I have given reasons for scepticism towards all three points that I raised.</p>
<p>If you are actively seeking a more thorough refutation of Klein, I heartily suggest Johan Norberg's <a href="http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9384">report</a> on the Cato website. If you want to stop swallowing the scare tactics the left uses and discover something beautiful, I suggest actually reading Friedman's work, particularly <em>Capitalism and Freedom</em> and <em>Free to Choose</em>. However, given Klein's book is often advertised on subway billboards where one might find adverts for Dan Brown novels, I guess her target audience is that sort of socialist who neither welcomes nor desires any real engagement with capitalists that is not filtered through people like Naomi Klein or Michael Moore.</p>
<p>Those who are after the letter the academics published can find it in the <a href="http://www.naomiklein.org/shock-doctrine/resources/faculty-letter-mfi">here.</a> Fortunately, it seems that the good will out and the Institute will go ahead.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The free market zealots: an analogy]]></title>
<link>http://sufilizard.wordpress.com/?p=21</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Jul 2008 11:28:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sufilizard</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sufilizard.wordpress.com/?p=21</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Imagine a city experiencing a robbery spree and the free marketeer mayor decides the obvious solutio]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Imagine a city experiencing a robbery spree and the free marketeer mayor decides the obvious solution to people having their homes broken into is to ban locks on the front doors to your home.</p>
<p>When the crime spree gets worse, he claims that his logic isn't flawed, it just didn't go far enough so he suggests they should now ban doors.</p>
<p>Welcome to McCain-enomics (the horrifying sequel to Reaganomics and Bush-enomics)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[HotAir.com writes a simple, yet wonderful little piece explaining why Democrats need to take a basic economics class]]></title>
<link>http://yourdailychum.wordpress.com/?p=1297</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2008 03:29:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Your Daily Chum</dc:creator>
<guid>http://yourdailychum.wordpress.com/?p=1297</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Supply and demand have a relationship?  What is this nonsense?  Errr&#8230;uhh&#8230;.jobs&#8230;]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://yourdailychum.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/nozone.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-1298" src="http://yourdailychum.wordpress.com/files/2008/07/nozone.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="196" /></a></p>
<p>Supply and demand have a relationship?  What is this nonsense?  Errr...uhh....jobs....environment...rich people suck.  (Lest anyone think I'm a big GOP fan, I'd suggest a similar article for the GOP, but perhaps having them attend a civil liberties course)</p>
<p><a href="http://hotair.com/archives/2008/07/13/give-them-pell-grants/" target="_blank">HotAir.com</a></p>
<blockquote><p>The <a href="http://www.unionleader.com/article.aspx?headline=Hitting+rock%3a+Dems+oblivious+on+oil&#38;articleId=34b0ccb0-fcf5-40b0-b52e-bbe97a467cb7">New Hampshire Union-Leader</a> has a novel approach to solving the energy crisis: send Democrats to economics classes.  In an editorial yesterday, the U-L flunks Congressional Democrats for their work so far on addressing a supply shortage by blaming those reacting to it.  Instead of demonizing “speculators” who can only foresee more shortages as America refuses to produce its own resources, perhaps Congress should unshackle domestic production instead:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>MAYBE THE</strong> quickest way to lower oil and gas prices would be this: Immediately enroll every Democratic member of Congress in an entry-level economics class.</p>
<p>The lack of even a basic grasp of economic concepts has led Democrats to oppose sensible policies that would begin to lower oil and gas prices. Instead, they push hair-brained ideas that make no sense.</p></blockquote>
<p>That should be <em>hare</em>-brained, but let’s not split hares.  Er, <em>hairs</em>.   On speculators and their effect on oil prices, the U-L has it exactly correct:</p>
<blockquote><p>Any step Congress takes to produce a large increase in future supply — opening the outer continental shelf to drilling, for example — will reduce current prices. If there will be a lot more oil 10 years from now, a barrel of oil today loses some of its investment value, and its price falls.</p>
<p>As Harvard economics professor Martin Feldstein wrote in The Wall Street Journal on July 1, “Increasing the expected future supply of oil would also reduce today’s price. That fall in the current price would induce an immediate rise in oil consumption that would be matched by an increase in supply from the OPEC producers and others with some current excess capacity or available inventories.”</p>
<p>This is pretty basic stuff. And yet Democrats are oblivious. They adamantly oppose more domestic drilling, claiming that it won’t affect prices for decades. Clearly, they have yet to grasp the basic concepts of supply and demand.</p></blockquote>
<p>Democrats clearly don’t understand the mechanisms of pricing.  Their rhetoric on speculators demonstrates this, as it misses the point.  Speculators matter only in <em>shortage </em>economies, as the future value of any commodity becomes more relevant in inverse proportion to its availability.  Even apart from that, speculators want to make money just as in any other commodity trading.  If they foresaw a glut of oil, they’d bet short on it just as quickly as they’re going long on oil now.</p>
<p>All of this is Econ 101, as the U-L notes.  That may be a bit below <a href="http://www.scsuscholars.com/">King Banaian’s</a> focus as chair of economics at St. Cloud State University, but I’m pretty certain that King would be gracious enough to schedule a lecture series for Congressional Democrats who want to learn how markets work rather than continually work from ignorance to the detriment of the nation.  (via <a href="http://www.letfreedomringblog.com/">Let Freedom Ring</a>)</p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA['Free Market' legacy of Milton Friedman]]></title>
<link>http://judecowell.wordpress.com/?p=641</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 16 Jul 2008 00:32:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>judecowell</dc:creator>
<guid>http://judecowell.wordpress.com/?p=641</guid>
<description><![CDATA[If you follow this link to my Stars Over Washington blog, you&#8217;ll discover a few things relatin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If you follow this link to my Stars Over Washington blog, you'll discover a few things relating to economist Milton Friedman: a link to an article by Stephen Lendman, "Capitalism and Freedom" Unmasked - just in time for the closing days of Feb 2008's Unmasking Eclipse, plus, some details on Friedman's natal chart.</p>
<p>Nobel Prize winner Friedman's legacy is said to be 'free-market'-economy-think and since he passed away on Nov 16, 2006, the Wall Street Journal's glowing eulogy of him continues to rankle my knickers.</p>
<p>Born in Brooklyn on July 31, 1912, Friedman's Sun falls in Leo with Moon in late Aquarius or early Pisces. My post gives his Sun-Moon personality blend details using both Moon positions in case you'd like to take a peek at this brief post.</p>
<p>I do recommend highly Lendman's article for it includes the attacks of 9/11 among other things, and is worth your perusal.</p>
<p>My link: <a href="http://starsoverwashington.blogspot.com/2007/10/milton-friedmans-free-market-legacy.html">http://starsoverwashington.blogspot.com/2007/10/milton-friedmans-free-market-legacy.html</a></p>
<p>Or skip the Astrology and go directly to Stephen Lendman's informative article here:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Economics/Milton_Friedman_Unmasked.html">http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Economics/Milton_Friedman_Unmasked.html</a></p>
<p>Now am I wrong, or is "Lendman" a good name for writing on economic subjects?!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Prins Valiant vs svensk borgerlighet X2]]></title>
<link>http://kamikazepiloten.wordpress.com/?p=52</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2008 14:27:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kamikazepiloten</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kamikazepiloten.wordpress.com/?p=52</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Johan Norberg skrev hos konkurrenten om Karl Roves principlöshet &amp; antydde sin gamla uppdragsg]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.cato.org/people/images/hires_new/johan.jpg" alt="Johan Norberg" /></p>
<p><a href="http://www.johannorberg.net/">Johan Norberg</a> <a href="http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/article2877393.ab">skrev</a> hos konkurrenten om <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove">Karl Roves</a> principlöshet &#38; antydde sin gamla <a href="http://timbro.se">uppdragsgivares</a> ideologiska slapphet. Och visst hade det varit bättre om Timbro tagit hit en intellektuellt spänstig, liberal visionär som kunde ruska om på allvar i vårt - i ideologiskt avseende - vakuumförpackade samhälle. Men i en gammal kampanjpundares kista kittlar förstås en Karl Rove nästan lika mycket som en <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> eller en <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>. Men bara nästan. Och egentligen har Johan rätt. Rove strödde i vilket fall mest plattityder omkring sig så vitt jag kunnat följa. </p>
<p>Hos oss <a href="http://www.expressen.se/kultur/1.1232252/bakom-masken">skriver</a> Norberg i dag om regeringens totala principlöshet. Och demaskerar den som ingen förmått göra tidigare. Delvis kanske tack vare det generöst tilltagna utrymme kultursidan gett honom. Delvis tack vare hederlig gammal skärpa. Hur som helst: hatten av för prins Valiant. </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Radiohead's new video]]></title>
<link>http://sadielou.wordpress.com/?p=67</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2008 11:23:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>sadielou</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sadielou.wordpress.com/?p=67</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This was made entirely with 3d visualizations licensed by Creative Commons.  
It raises the question]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This was made entirely with 3d visualizations licensed by Creative Commons.  <span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/8nTFjVm9sTQ'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/8nTFjVm9sTQ&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>It raises the question: how can something so good be free?  In fact, why are Gmail storage space, Joyce's Ulysses, Cory Doctorow's short stories, New York Times access, and OpenOffice all free?  And what does it mean?  <a href="http://ross.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/abundance_and_f.html"> Ross Mayfield</a> and <a href="long_tail/2006/10/the_economics_o.html"> Chris Anderson</a>, author of <em>The Long Tail</em>, have interesting essays about the "economics of abundance," but I get the feeling something's missing; there's no description of how this fits into ordinary economics.  </p>
<p>I see three things that are different in the "free economy."</p>
<p>1. Advertiser revenue replaces consumer dollars.  That doesn't have much to do with the internet, and it's not really a new business model (that's why print newspapers were always cheap.)</p>
<p>2.  Costs are lower.  Not just the physical costs of transistors and saved paper, but also the cost of innovation and calculating return on investment.  You can let the crowd decide and create for you.  </p>
<p>3.  Work is play.  This is the most mysterious, and, I think, the most critical element.  Ordinary economics derives the supply of labor from the demand for leisure.  But what if some kinds of labor -- writing blogs, making (or even rating) videos, editing Wikipedia, tinkering, writing open source software -- what if those types of labor  <em> are </em> leisure?  What happens when valuable work is done for fun -- and for free?  </p>
<p>Chris Anderson treats this last change as peripheral, or calls it "altruism," which is not exactly right.  It's the <em>only</em> thing that's essentially new about the economics of the internet.  Falling costs of technology and labor have been around since the Industrial Revolution, albeit on a smaller scale.  But a factory job was always a job.  This time, the concept of work itself has changed.  I'm still looking for some kind of comprehensive economic study of this.</p>
<p>Sweetest irony award:<br />
Milton Friedman's entire TV series "Free to Choose" is online at ideachannel.  (HT from Marginal Revolution <a href="http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2006/12/free_to_choose_.html"> here. </a>)  The man who brought you TANSTAAFL is now a free lunch himself.  I saw a few minutes -- the ideas are familiar, of course, but his delivery is a pleasure to watch.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Se minha Faculdade tivesse um "Instituto Eugênio Gudin", eu estaria feliz]]></title>
<link>http://gustibusgustibus.wordpress.com/?p=7612</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2008 09:40:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>claudio</dc:creator>
<guid>http://gustibusgustibus.wordpress.com/?p=7612</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Mas há gente que se opõe a isto, certo? Por que? Interesses ou voto expressivo (ideologia)? Eis um]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mas há gente que se opõe a isto, certo? Por que? Interesses ou voto expressivo (ideologia)? <a href="http://volokh.com/posts/1216106153.shtml">Eis uma boa crítica da análise dos grupos de interesse, neste caso</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Saharan inefficiency]]></title>
<link>http://musefree.wordpress.com/?p=394</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2008 06:47:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Abhishek</dc:creator>
<guid>http://musefree.wordpress.com/?p=394</guid>
<description><![CDATA[&#8220;If you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there&#8217;d be]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>"If you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there'd be a shortage of sand"</em></p>
<p>-<strong>Milton Friedman</strong>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The One-Sided Class War]]></title>
<link>http://codesmithy.wordpress.com/?p=409</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 14 Jul 2008 08:13:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>codesmithy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://codesmithy.wordpress.com/?p=409</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ian Welsh has a post over at firedoglake called &#8220;There Was a Class War.  The Rich Won It.]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://firedoglake.com/2008/07/13/there-was-a-class-war-the-rich-won-it/">Ian Welsh has a post over at firedoglake called "There Was a Class War.  The Rich Won It."</a> The productivity and wages graph is the most significant.  If you read Milton Friedman that departure between productivity and wages is sort of puzzling.  Obviously, if someone is producing more wealth, they should share in the profits.  It is the sensibility that a rising tide lifts all ships.  Then, what the hell?  Why didn't this rising tide lift all ships.</p>
<p>One isn't going to find the answer out from Friedman.  One would need to look at a work like <a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/">Capital by Karl Marx</a> to find a decent explanation for why this occurs.  Don't expect to hear it from the corporate owned media, or in the classroom.   But, let's face it, having an anti-intellectual, functionally illiterate, easily distracted, indoctrinated majority does have its advantages.  In this scenario, why wouldn't the rich do everything to wield the power of government to their advantage?  Why wouldn't they engage in a propaganda war in order to convince the masses that everything is alright, and those who complain are just whiners?  It has all worked out for Reagan, Helms, Snow, Russert, etc.  Mission Accomplished.  The debt and the trade deficit, it isn't their problem.  When are the working-classes going to wake up and realize they are holding the bag?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Education of Phil Donahue (There aren't unicorns?)]]></title>
<link>http://thusagricola.wordpress.com/?p=524</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2008 19:04:56 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Agricola</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thusagricola.wordpress.com/?p=524</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Via  Professor Bainbridge, a must-see clip of Milton Friedman:

Game, set, match.
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<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Via <a href="http://www.stephenbainbridge.com/index.php/punditry/friedman_schools_donahue/"> Professor Bainbridge</a>, a must-see clip of Milton Friedman:</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/RWsx1X8PV_A'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/RWsx1X8PV_A&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Game, set, match.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Austrian/Monetarist split as a proxy for the rift within the LP]]></title>
<link>http://lastfreevoice.wordpress.com/?p=1742</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2008 17:52:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>G.E.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lastfreevoice.wordpress.com/?p=1742</guid>
<description><![CDATA[From Amateur Economists:
&#8220;Libertarians are Republicans who smoke pot.&#8221; So goes the sayin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>From Amateur Economists:</p>
<blockquote><p>"Libertarians are Republicans who smoke pot." So goes the saying. And most Americans know little else about the Libertarian Party, America’s third largest, or the libertarian political philosophy. So when former Republican congressman Bob Barr announced his candidacy for the LP’s presidential nomination on May 12, the mainstream media assumed he was a shoo-in. After all, he was a Republican and now lobbies for the Marijuana Policy Project—how could someone better fit the popular definition?</p>
<p>But what the media failed to recognize is that many party members don’t consider libertarianism to be a branch of conservatism but, instead, its diametric opposite. These libertarians refused to embrace Barr and, instead, rallied behind the candidacy of party stalwart Mary Ruwart during the Libertarian National Convention on May 25. It took six ballots before Barr was finally able to win the party’s nomination with just over 51% of the vote, and the rift now between the "reformers" who backed Barr and the "radicals" who supported Ruwart is bitter—and largely economics related.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="http://www.amateureconomists.com/view_articles_detail.php?aid=32" target="_blank">Read the whole article</a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Interview with Milton Friedman]]></title>
<link>http://thebivouac.wordpress.com/?p=887</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 Jul 2008 14:35:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>citizenbrain</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thebivouac.wordpress.com/?p=887</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/JfdRpyfEmBE'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/JfdRpyfEmBE&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Solving World Hunger: Let's Kill All the Hungry People!]]></title>
<link>http://chickensoup4theexpletivedeleted.wordpress.com/?p=8</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jul 2008 06:54:16 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jamesfeldman</dc:creator>
<guid>http://chickensoup4theexpletivedeleted.wordpress.com/?p=8</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Sure, that idea sounds like a bad solution.  But The New York Times seems to think it works!
Politic]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sure, that idea <strong>sounds</strong> like a bad solution.  But <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/nyregion/03congest.html?hp">The New York Times</a> seems to think it works!</p>
<blockquote><p>Politics Failed, but Fuel Prices Cut Congestion</p>
<p>Soaring gas prices and higher tolls seem to be doing for traffic in New York what Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg’s ambitious congestion pricing was supposed to do: reducing the number of cars clogging the city’s streets and pushing more people to use mass transit.</p></blockquote>
<p>I wasn't a big fan of Mayor Bloomberg's congestion pricing plan, but at least I understood the idea behind it.  Pollution and congestion are externality problems; it has costs, but those costs aren't borne particularly by those who create pollution and congestion.  The idea is that if people actually have to bear the costs of those behaviors, they are more likely to adjust their actions.  Some obscure economist came up with the idea.  What was his name.... oh, right, <a href="http://www.bized.co.uk/current/mind/2003_4/230204.htm">Milton Friedman</a>.</p>
<p>So, by the standard of the <strong>rationale behind congestion pricing</strong>, that high gas is reducing driving in New York City is not only not "working" by whatever standard the Times is inclined to use, but it is also besides the point.  The idea wasn't to reduce driving or to promote mass transit.  The idea was to make drivers pay the cost their driving exacts from the rest of us, and that this might end up changing people's behaviors was the bonus.</p>
<p>Ah well, they're just the paper of record, after all.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Friedman: Immigration and the Welfare State]]></title>
<link>http://stiffrightjab.wordpress.com/?p=700</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2008 21:26:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Steve Farrell</dc:creator>
<guid>http://stiffrightjab.wordpress.com/?p=700</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Stiff Right Quote of the Day
You cannot simultaneously have free immigration and a welfare state.
Mi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Stiff Right Quote of the Day</strong></p>
<p><img class="alignright" src="http://www.utc.edu/Research/ProbascoChair/pictures_clip/Milton%20Friedman%20Greyscale.jpg" alt="milton friedman" width="91" height="132" />You cannot simultaneously have free immigration and a welfare state.</p>
<p><em>Milton Friedman, as quoted in "Revolution: A Manifesto," by Ron Paul</em></p>
<p><!--more--></p>
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<title><![CDATA[کتاب سرمایه داری و آزادی، میلتون فریدمن ]]></title>
<link>http://negaheno.wordpress.com/?p=370</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 29 Jun 2008 16:56:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>مهدي مصطفايي</dc:creator>
<guid>http://negaheno.wordpress.com/?p=370</guid>
<description><![CDATA[طبق رویه بخش آموزش اقتصادی وبلاگ، این بار می‌خواهم شما]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">طبق رویه بخش آموزش اقتصادی وبلاگ، این بار می‌خواهم شما را با کتاب ارزشمندی از میلتون فریدمن، اقصادان برجسته آمریکایی و نظریه پرداز بزرگ مکتب شیکاگو، آشنا کنم. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://www.nodulo.org/ec/2005/img/n045p21b.jpg" alt="میلتون فریدمن / مکتب شیکاگو / نئولیبرالیسم / milton friedman" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">کتاب "سرمایه‌داری و آزادی" را شاید بتوان بزرگترین و تاثیر گذارترین کتاب فریدمن دانست که در آن از کاهش نقش دولت در اقتصاد دفاع شده است. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">به دلیل اینکه این کتاب یکی از کتاب‌های پایه‌ای در فهم لیبرالیسم اقتصادی و نئولیبرالیسم است و همچنین مکتب شیکاگو از جمله مهمترین مکاتب اقتصادی دنیاست و خودِ من هم بیشتر طرفدار همین مکتب هستم تا اتریش، تصمیم گرفتم این کتاب را برایتان بگذارم. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">برای دانلود کتاب با فرمت‌های ورد و پی‌دی‌اف بروی آیکون‌های زیر کلیلک کنید: </span></p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.cheragheazadi.org/images/attachments/CapitalismandFreedom1.doc" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.iconarchive.com/icons/mayosoft/aero-vista/Oficina-DOC-128x128.png" alt="free image host" /></a><br />
<a title="free image hosting" href="http://www.cheragheazadi.org/images/attachments/CapitalismandFreedom1.doc">سرمایه داری و آزادی‏ (فرمت ورد)</a></p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.cheragheazadi.org/images/attachments/CapitalismandFreedom1.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="http://thumbnails3.imagebam.com/173/d49a251720768.gif" alt="free image host" /></a><br />
<a title="free image hosting" href="http://www.cheragheazadi.org/images/attachments/CapitalismandFreedom1.pdf">سرمایه داری و آزادی‏ (فرمت پی دی اف)</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">در زیر مقدمه‌ای از کتاب را برایتان نقل می‌کنم تا علاقه‌مندان پس از خواندن و تصمیم گیری کتاب را دانلود و مورد مطالعه قرار بدهند. </span></p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">پرزیدنت کندی, رئیس جمهورسابق امریکا, در بخشی از سخنرانی ریاست جمهوری خود چنین گفت: "نپرسید که کشورتان چه می تواند برای شما انجام بدهد, بپرسید شما چه می توانید برای کشورتان انجام بدهید." جالب اینجاست که توجه نقل قول کنندگان به شخص گوینده است نه محتوای سخن او.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">این جمله رابطه شهروندو دولت را به گونه ای که بیانگر ارمان های انسانی آزاد در جامعه ای آزاد باشد, نشان می دهد. عبارت پدرمآبانه " کشورتان چه کاری می تواند برای شما انجام بدهد", اشاره ای است به این نکته که دولت قیم شهروند است و شهروند تحت قیومت دولت می باشد, اما این امر با اعتقاد انسان های آزاد که خودرا حاکم بر سرنوشت خویش می دانند در تضاد است. عبارت کلیشه ای " شما چه کاری می توانید برای کشورتان انجام بدهید " نیز بیانگر آن است که دولت ارباب یا خداست و شهروند نوکر یا مرید. در دیدگاه انسان آزاد, کشور تنها مجموعه ای از انسان است که آنرا تشکیل می دهند, نه چیزی بیشتر: چنین انسانی به میراث مشترک افتخار می کند و به سنت ها وفادار است, پس او دولت را وسیله و ابزار تلقی می کند نه اهداکننده نیکی ها و نه ارباب یا رب النوعی که باید چشم بسته پرستش شود. انسان آزاد هیچ هدف ملی را به رسمیت نمی شناسد، مگر آنکه توافق عمومی اهدافی باشد که یکایک شهروندان در خدمت آن هدف ها هستند, او هیچ مقصودی را به رسمیت نمی شناسد مگر آنکه توافق عمومی مقاصدی باشد که یکایک شهروندان برای نیل به آن می کوشند.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">انسان آزاد نمی پرسد کشورش چه می تواند برای او انجام دهد و نمی پرسد او چه می تواند برای کشورش انجام بدهد, بلکه می پرسد: من و هموطنانم از طریق دولت چه می توانیم انجام بدهیم تا بتوانیم از عهده مسئولیت های فردی برآمده, به اهداف جداگانه ی خویش نایل شویم و بالاتر از همه آزادی خود را حفظ کنیم, و نیز می پرسد: چه کنیم تا دوله تی که خود می آفرینیم تبدیل به یک فرانکشتاین نشود و آزادی ای که دولت برای پاسداشت آن به وجود آمده از بین نرود, آزادی, گیاهی ظریف است. به حکم عقل و به شهادت تاریخ آنچه آزادی را تهدید می کند تمرکز قدرت است. گرچه وجود دولت برای حفظ آزادی لازم است, اما همین دولت با تمرکز کردن قدرت در دست سیاستمداران آزادی را به خطر می افکند. حتی اگر افراد برخوردار از این قدرت در آغاز دارای حسن نیت باشند, سرانجام جاذبه قدرت آنها را افسون کرده, به سوی خود می کشد تا ماهیتشان را دگرگون کند.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">چگونه میتوان از محاسن دولت بهره مند شد و در عین حال از خطری که متوجه آزادی است اجتناب ورزید, دو اصل عمده مندرج در قانون اساسی که تاکنون آزادی را برای ما حفظ کرده به این پرسش پاسخ داده است, گرچه رعایت این اصول فریضه قلمداد می شود ولی در عمل مکرراً شاهد نقض آن بوده ایم.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">اول اینکه حوزه اختیارات دولت باید محدود باشد. وظیفه اصلی آن باید پاسداری از آزادی شهروندان در برابر دشمنان خارجی و داخلی, حفظ نظم و قانون, فراهم کردن زمینه اجرای قراردادهای خصوصی و ترویج بازارهای رقابتی باشد. گذشته از این وظیفه اساسی, دولت گاهی امکان انجام اشتراکی کاری را فراهم می کند که انجام آن بصورت انفرادی سخت ترو پر هزینه تر است. البته این نوع استفاده از دولت توأم با خطراتی است, اما نمی توان و نباید بهره گیری به این شکل از دولت را کاملاً مردود شمرد. حال قبل از هر چیز باید تراز کامل و بدون ابهامی از مزایای کار مورد نظر تهیه کرد. با تکیه بر همکاری داوطلبانه و آزاد, چه اقتصادی و چه غیر اقتصادی, می توان اطمینان حاصل کرد که بخش خصوصی عاملی است برای نظارت بر اختیارات بخش دولتی و ابزاری مؤثر برای پاسداشت آزادی بیان, دین, و اندیشه.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">اصل اساسی دوم این است که قدرت دولت باید پخش شود. اگر قرار باشد دولت اعمال قدرت کند, بهتر است این کار را در سطح شهرستان ها انجام دهد تا در ایالت ها و بهتر است در ایالت ها اعمال قدرت کند تا در پایتخت. اگر کسی از عملکرد مقامات محلی خود راضی نباشد, مثلاً از وضعیت دفع فاضلاب, منطقه بندی, یا وضع مدارس شهر, می تواند به محله ای دیگر مهاجرت کند, اگرچه افراد کمی ممکن است اقدام به این کار کنند ولی حتی احتمال انجام این اقدام نقش کنترل کننده خواهد داشت. اگر کسی از عملکرد دولت در ایالت خود راضی نباشد, می تواند به ایالتی دیگر مهاجرت کند, اما اگر فردی از آنچه در پایتخت می گذرد راضی نباشد, راه های بسیار محدودی خواهد داشت.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">طفره رفتن از قوانین دولت مرکزی, برای طرفداران تمرکز قدرت جاذبه اصلی به شمار می آید. آنها عقیده دارند که تمرکز به نحوی مؤثر آنان را به تصویب برنامه هایی قادر می سازد که از دیدگاه ایشان به نفع عامه است, خواه این برنامه انتقال درآمد از ثروتمندان به فقرا باشد, یا تغییر هدف های خصوصی به اهداف عمومی. تا حدودی حق با آنهاست, اما این سکه دو رو دارد؛ قدرت ما به همان نسبت که می تواند کار خوب انجام بدهد توانایی زیان رساندن هم دارد؛ کسانی که امروز قدرت را در دست دارند شاید فردا آنرا از دست بدهند و مهم تر اینکه برداشت افراد از مفهوم مفید و غیر مفید متفاوت است. در زمینه تلاش برای ایجاد تمرکز و تذش برای توسعه حوزه اختیارات دولت نکته غم انگیز آن است که افراد پیشگام و با حسن نیت در این تلاش, زودتر از دیگران شاهد نتایج منفی فعالیت خود خواهند بود.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">حفظ آزادی یک دلیل تدافعی برای محدود کردن و غیر متمرکز گرداندن قدرت دولت به حساب می آید, اما علت دیگری نیز وجود دارد. پیشرفت چشمگیر تمدن از جنبه های گوناگون مثل معماری, نقاشی, ادبیات و یا صنعت و کشاورزی هرگز دستاورد دولت متمرکز نبوده است. کریستف کلمب برای اجرای دستور اکثریت حاکم بر مجلس نبود که عازم سفر شد تا راهی<span> </span>جدید برای رسیدن به چین کشف کند, اگرچه بخشی از هزینه این سفر را پادشاهی مستبد تأمین کرد. نیوتن و لایبنیتز؛ انشاتن و بوهر، شکسپیر، میلتون و پاسترناک؛ ویتنی، مک کورمیک، ادیسون و فورد؛ جین آدامز و فلورانس نایتینگل و آلبرت شوایتزر, هیچ کدام به دستور دولت نبود که توانستند در زمینه های دانش و شناخت بشر, ادبیات, امکانات فنی یا تسکین آلام بشری مرزهایی جدید به وجود آورند, بلکه دستاوردهای آنان حاصل نبوغ فردی, دیدگاه های اقلیتی قوی, و جو اجتماعی مناسب بود.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">دولت هیچگاه نمی تواند مقلّد تنوع و گوناگونی کار فردی باشد بلکه باید با ایجاد استارنداردهای هماهنگ, در امور مختلفی همچون خانه سازی, تغذیه یا پوشاک سطح زندگی افراد نیازمند را بهبود بخشد و با نظارت دقیق بر آموزش و پرورش و جاده سازی یا مسائل بهداشتی, کیفیت عملکرد مناطق محلی یا تمام مناطق کشور را ارتقاء دهد. اما درجریان این کار دولت رکود را جانشین ترقی خواهد کرد.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">این کتاب به بررسی بعضی از موضوعات مهم می پردازد. محتوای اصلی آن نقش سرمایه داری رقابتی ـ سازماندهی بخش عمده فعالیت اقتصادی از طریق بخش خصوصی فعال در بازار آزاد ـ است که به مشابه نظامی برای آزادی اقتصادی و شرط لازم برای آزادی سیاسی است. موضوع دیگر در خصوص نقش دولت در جامعه آزاد برای ساماندهی فعالیت های اقتصادی است که عمدتاً بر بازار متکی می باشد.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">دو فصل اول به لحاظ اصولی, نه لزوماً کاربرد عملی آنها، به بررسی این موارد می پردازد. در فصل های بعد این اصول بر مجموعه ای از مشکلات مشخص منطبق می شود.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">تصور می شود بحث و تحلیل انتزاعی تا حدودی کامل و جامع باشد؛ گرچه این کمال مطلوب مسلماً با وجود آنچه در دو فصل بعدی به نظرتان می رسد تا تحقق، فاصله زیادی دارد. منطبق کردن اصول با مشکلات مشخص، نمی تواند جامع باشد. هر روز مشکلات و اوضاع جدیدی پدیدار می شود, به همین دلیل نمی توان نقش دولت را در قالب یک عملکرد مشخص به طور قطعی تصریح و تشریح کرد. لازم است گاه به گاه تطابق آنچه را که امیدواریم اصولی ثابت باشد با مشکلات روز مجدداً مورد ارزیابی قرار دهیم که یکی از نتایج آن افزایش شناخت ما از آنهاست.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">اگر بخواهیم برای دیدگاه سیاسی و اقتصادی که در این کتاب به تفصیل به آن پرداخته می شود عنوانی انتخاب کنیم لیبرالیسم کاملاً بجاست. متأسفانه دشمنان نظام اقتصاد آزاد ـ گرچه غیر عمدی ـ چنین نتیجه گرفته اند که اقتباس از چنین عنوانی کاری مناسب است و در نتیجه لیبرالیسم امروزه نسبت به مفهوم خود در قرن نوزدهم و همچنین نسبت به مفهومش در بیشتر نقاط قاره اروپا معنایی بسیار متفاوت پیدا کرده است.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">جریان فکری که تحت عنوان لیبرالیسم شناخته می شد, با تکامل خود در اواخر قرن هجدهم و اوایل قرن نوزدهم, به آزادی در جامعه به مثابه هدف غایی و به فرد به مثابه موجودیت غایی تأکید داشت. این جریان در داخل کشور از اقتصاد آزاد به عنوان وسیله ای برای کاهش نقش دولت در امور اقتصادی و افزایش نقش فرد حمایت می کرد و در خارج از کشور پشتیبان تجارت آزاد, همانند وسیله ای برای ایجاد ارتباط صلح آمیز و دموکراتیک بین ملت های جهان, بود. در امور سیاسی این جریان حامی توسعه حکومت و نهادهای پارلمانی, کاهش اختیارات مستبدانه دولت و محافظت از آزادی های مدنی افراد بود.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">اصطلاح لیبرالیسم که در اواخر قرن نوزدهم, به خصوص بعد از سال 1930 در ایالت متحد رایج گردید, رفته رفته با تأکید بسیار متفاوتی به خصوص در سیاست اقتصادی رایج شد. این اصطلاح با گذشت زمان, با اتکاء بیشتر به دولت به جای تکیه بر نهادهای داوطلب خصوصی در جهت نیل به اهداف مطلوب تعبیر گردید, و اصطلاحاتی چون رفاه و برابری به جای واژه آزادی ورد زبان ها شد. لیبرال قرن نوزدهم توسعه آزادی را مؤثرترین راه افزایش رفاه و برابری می دانست؛ در حالی که لیبرال قرن بیستم رفاه و برابری را شرط لازم یا جانشین آزادی می داند. لیبرال در قرن بیستم اندک اندک به نام رفاه و برابری طرفدار احیای همان سیاست های دخالت دولت در امور اقتصادی و پدرمآبی شد که لیبرالیسم با آن در نبرد بود. این لیبرالیسم نو ظهور با اینکه خود به سوداگری قرن هفدهم باز می گردد, با مرتجع خواندن لیبرال های واقعی به تنبیه آن ها هم می پردازد!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">تغییر ایجاد شده در مفهوم واژه لیبرالیسم در مسائل اقتصادی بیش از مسائل سیاسی به چشم می خورد. لیبرال قرن بیستم مانند لیبرال قرن نوزدهم طرفدار نهادها و حکومت پارلمانی, حقوق مدنی و غیره است. با وجود این, حتی در مسائل سیاسی اختلاف هایی چشمگیر وجود دارد. لیبرال قرن نوزدهم که در قبال آزادی حساس و در نتیجه از تمرکز قدرت, چه در دست دولت و چه در دست بخش خصوصی, هراسان بود خواهان تمرکززدایی شد. اما لیبرال قرن بیستم, که معتقد به عمل است تا زمانی که قدرت در دست دولتی باشد که ـ حتی ظاهراً ـ تحت نظارت رأی دهندگان است به سودمندی قدرت اطمینان داشته, از دولت متمرکز طرفداری می کند. او هیچ تردیدی در مورد محل تمرکز قدرت ندارد: به نفع ایالت به جای شهر, دولت مرکزی به جای ایالت, و نهاد جهانی به جای دولت ملی رأی می دهد.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">به علت تحریف شدن واژه لیبرالیسم, اکنون به نظریاتی که قبلاً تحت این نام خوانده می شد محافظه کاری می گویند که جایگزین مناسبی نیست. لیبرال قرن نوزدهم رادیکال بود, هم از جنبه اشتقاق کلمه یعنی پرداختن به ریشه مسائل و هم به مفهوم سیاسی, یعنی طرفداری از ایجاد تحولات عمده در نهادهای اجتماعی. پس وارث امروزی او نیز باید چنین باشد. ما مایل نیستیم دخالت های دولت که در سطحی گسترده مزاحم آزادی ما شده است ادامه یابد, گرچه خواهان تداوم و دخالت هایی هستیم که موجب گسترش آزادی شده اند. اضافه بر این, واژه محافظه کاری, در عمل و به مرور ایام, طیفی وسیع از آراء و نظرها را در بر گرفته که با یکدیگر مغایرت دارند, از این رو بی شک شاهد رشد اصطلاحات مرکبی چون آزادیخواه ـ محافظه کار1, و اشرافی ـ محافظه کار2 خواهیم بود.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">از جهتی به دلیل آنکه مایل نیستم واژه لیبرالیسم را به جانبداران متعصب آن که آزادی را از بین می برند واگذار کنم و بدان جهت که جایگزین بهتری نمی شناسم, با استفاده از واژه لیبرالیسم به مفهوم اولیه آن ـ یعنی آموزه های مربوط به انسان آزاد ـ این مشکل را حل می کنم.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">1- </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">Frankenstein</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;"> نام قهرمان رمانی با همین نام از مری شلی<span> </span>(</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">Mary Shelley</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">) نوسینده انگلیسی قرن نوزدهم است که موجودی عجیب الخلقه<span> </span>شبیه انسان آفریده است،<span> </span>اما بعد سبب آزار خودش می شود. مفهوم<span> </span>مورد نظر نویسنده را می توان با ضرب المثل فارسی "مار در آستین پروردن" مقایسه کرد. – م</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">لینک‌های آموزشی: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;"><a href="../category/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF/">بخش آموزش اقتصادی وبلاگ نگاه نو</a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;"><a href="../category/2008/03/21/eghtesad/">آشنایی با 5 مکاتب اقتصادی بزرگ دنیا</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;"><a href="../category/2008/03/21/azmooneghtesadi/">آزمون: تفکر اقتصادی شما چیست؟</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;"><a href="../2008/06/01/capitalism/">سرمایه‌داری یا کاپیتالیسم چیست؟</a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;">لینک‌های مرتبط: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86">درباره میلتون فریدمن / دانشنامه ویکی پدیا</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;"><a href="http://www.rastak.com/printshow.php?id=1336">رابطه آزادی اقتصادی با آزادی سیاسی / رستاک </a></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Fel &quot;chicagopojkar&quot; i Kleins attack p&aring; Obama]]></title>
<link>http://ekonomistas.wordpress.com/2008/06/26/fel-om-chicagopojkar-i-kleins-attack-p-obama/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2008 14:19:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Daniel Waldenström</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ekonomistas.wordpress.com/2008/06/26/fel-om-chicagopojkar-i-kleins-attack-p-obama/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Nationalekonomen Paul Krugman och globaliseringskritikern Naomi Klein har en sak gemensamt: de ogill]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nationalekonomen <strong>Paul Krugman</strong> och globaliserin<a href="http://ekonomistas.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/naomi-klein-749-medium.jpg"><img style="border-right:0;border-top:0;border-left:0;border-bottom:0;margin:5px 5px 0;" src="http://ekonomistas.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/naomi-klein-749-medium-thumb.jpg" border="0" alt="naomi_klein_749_medium" width="148" height="219" align="right" /></a>gskritikern <strong>Naomi Klein </strong>har en sak gemensamt: de ogillar den marknadsliberala ekonomism som <strong>Milton Friedman</strong> (och hans efterföljare) förespråkar. Krugman beskriver, nedgörande, Friedmans nyliberala idéer och monetaristiska program i en <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20015">artikel</a> i the <em>New York Review of Books</em>.</p>
<p>Men medan Krugman sakligt diskuterar såväl problem som förtjänster med Friedmans tankegods verkar Naomi Klein fixerad vid Friedman som person och det negativa han står för. Hon stannar dock inte där. Alla som på något sätt kan förknippas med Friedman är suspekta: nationalekonomer i allmänhet eftersom de tilhör samma disciplin som Friedman, och nationalekonomer verksamma i Chicago i synnerhet, eftersom det Friedman också bodde och verkade i den staden.</p>
<p><a href="http://ekonomistas.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/barack-obama.jpg"><img style="border-right:0;border-top:0;border-left:0;border-bottom:0;" src="http://ekonomistas.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/barack-obama-thumb.jpg" border="0" alt="barack__obama" width="209" height="189" align="left" /></a>Och det är här hon ibland träffar fel. Nu senast i ett utfall i <a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080630/klein"><em>The Nation</em></a> (översatt i förrgår i <a href="http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article2744362.ab">AB:s kulturdel</a>) mot att demokraternas presidentkandidat <strong>Barack Obama </strong>har ekonomiska rådgivare som är nationalekonomer och vissa från Chicago vilket, enligt Klein, kopplar dem till just Milton Friedman. Men vid en närmare granskning visar det sig att dessa "chicagopojkar" varken är mer nyliberala än den genomsnittlige amerikanen eller förespråkar en Friedmantgrogen politik. I vissa fall har de inte ens varit verksamma i Chicago!</p>
<p>Kleins "huvudmisstänkte" är <strong><a href="http://www.brookings.edu/experts/furmanj.aspx">Jason Furman</a></strong> (som utbildats i progressiva Cambridge, MA, och som aldrig varit verksam i Chicago). Kleins huvudsakliga (och enda) kritk mot Furman är att han <a href="http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/walmart_progressive.pdf">tidigare</a> uttalat sig positivt om lågpriskedjan Wal-Mart. Men i ett <a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2144517/entry/2144521/">svar</a> på en kritisk artikel om detta i <em>Slate </em>från 2006 redogör Furman tydligt hur hans ståndpunkt ligger helt i linje med en progressiv, arbetarklassvänlig ståndpunkt. En mängd forskning visar nämligen att Wal-Marts låga priser stärkt köpkraften allra mest för just amerikanska låginkomsttagare.  </p>
<p>Men borde ändå inte de av Obamas rådgivare som kan kopplas till Chicago ändå vara riktiga "Chicagopojkar"? Nej, inte heller det förefaller vara fallet. Till exempel är Chicago-ekonomen <strong><a href="http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/austan.goolsbee/website/research/vitae.htm">Austan Goldsbee</a></strong> (som utbildats i progressiva Cambdridge, MA) knappast vidare höger. Detta medger också Klein själv när hon säger att han "befinner sig på den vänstra sidan av ett spektrum vars vänstra ände ligger strax höger om mitten". En titt på Goldsbees akademiska verk ger samma bild, t ex <a href="http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/austan.goolsbee/research/laf.pdf">översikten</a> av inkomstskatters påverkan på höginkomsttagares arbetsbeteende där Goldsbee finner effekten vara blygsam. Knappast någon Friedmansk slutsats.</p>
<p>Men chicagoforskaren <a href="http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/sunstein/"><strong>Cass Sunstein</strong></a> som också ger råd till Obama? Förutom att Sunstein inte är ekonom (han är jurist) är han dessutom författare till den nyligen utkomna boken "Nudge" (som <em>Ekonomistas</em>-Robert <a href="http://ekonomistas.se/2008/04/25/minimalistisk-social-ingenjrskonst/">omskrivit</a>) vars hela grundidé är att just kritisera den traditionella chicagoskolans teorier om marknadens självreglerande funktion (detta har även <em>Ekonomistas</em>-Jesper <a href="http://ekonomistas.se/2008/06/05/313/">påpekat</a>).</p>
<p>Med andra ord är Naomi Klein ganska fel ute när hon vill svartmåla de ekonomiska rådgivare Barack Obama har som varandes Friedmantrogna nyliberaler. Detta felsteg må vara hänt. Värre då att vissa <a href="http://www.josefsson.net/blogg-arkiv/39-blogg/115-norberg-klein.html">svenska</a> <a href="http://ilsemarie.wordpress.com/2008/06/25/en-droppe-sunt-fornuft">bloggare</a> okritiskt tar till sig hennes budskap. För fakta om dessa påstådda liberaler är väl kända, <a href="http://initierat.blogspot.com/2008/06/naomi-klein-ljuger-om-obamas-politik.html">något</a> <a href="http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?a=797662">som</a> <a href="http://vansterekonomi.blogspot.com/2008/06/klyftorna-och-tillvxten-igen.html">svenska</a> <a href="http://nonicoclolasos.wordpress.com/2008/06/26/recension-vi-hade-kunnat-vara-utan">skribenter </a><a href="http://www.johannorberg.net/?page=displayblog&#38;month=6&#38;year=2008#2744">också</a> <a href="http://blogg.svd.se/ledarbloggen?id=7940">påpekat</a>. Kanske kan denna historia bidra till att Kleins svenska supportrar nyanserar sin bild av Klein och faktiskt tar henne för den hon är, nämligen en intelligent och nytänkande journalist som ibland har rätt och ibland fel.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Quotation for Today, Wednesday 25 June 2008]]></title>
<link>http://adamsmith.wordpress.com/?p=1171</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2008 12:10:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>adamsmith1922</dc:creator>
<guid>http://adamsmith.wordpress.com/?p=1171</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Every friend of freedom must be as revolted as I am by the prospect of turning the United States in]]></description>
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<blockquote><p><em><span class="body">Every friend of freedom must be as revolted as I am by the prospect of turning the United States into an armed camp, by the vision of jails filled with casual drug users and of an army of enforcers empowered to invade the liberty of citizens on slight evidence.</span></em></p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Milton Friedman </strong>(July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006)</p>
<blockquote><p>He was an American <span class="mw-redirect">Nobel Laureate</span> economist and <span class="mw-redirect">public intellectual</span>. He made major contributions to the fields of economics and statistics. In 1976, he was awarded the <span class="mw-redirect">Nobel Prize in Economics</span> for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of <span class="mw-redirect">stabilization policy</span>. He was an advocate of economic freedom.</p>
<p>According to <em>The Economist</em>, Friedman "was the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century…possibly of all of it". Former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan stated, "There are very few people over the generations who have ideas that are sufficiently original to materially alter the direction of civilization. Milton is one of those very few people."</p>
<p>Source <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[Quote of the Day :: 06.20.08]]></title>
<link>http://leadership101.wordpress.com/?p=70</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2008 15:26:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rich Landosky</dc:creator>
<guid>http://leadership101.wordpress.com/?p=70</guid>
<description><![CDATA[One of the great mistakes is to judge policies and programs by their intentions rather than their re]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span>One of the great mistakes is to judge policies and programs by their intentions rather than their results.</span></p>
<p><span>- Milton Friedman</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Quotation for Today, Saturday 21 June 2008]]></title>
<link>http://adamsmith.wordpress.com/?p=1172</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2008 12:10:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>adamsmith1922</dc:creator>
<guid>http://adamsmith.wordpress.com/?p=1172</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
&lt;a 
Columbus did not seek a new route to the Indies in response to a majority directive.
Milton ]]></description>
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<p style="text-align:center;">&#60;a </p>
<blockquote><p><em><span class="body">Columbus did not seek a new route to the Indies in response to a majority directive.</span></em></p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Milton Friedman</strong></p>
<blockquote><p><em>(July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American <span class="mw-redirect">Nobel Laureate</span><span class="mw-redirect">public intellectual</span>. He made major contributions to the fields of economics and statistics. In 1976, he was awarded the <span class="mw-redirect">Nobel Prize in Economics</span> for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of <span class="mw-redirect">stabilization policy</span>. He was an advocate of economic freedom.</em> economist and</p>
<p><em>According to </em><em>The Economist, Friedman "was the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century…possibly of all of it". Former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan stated, "There are very few people over the generations who have ideas that are sufficiently original to materially alter the direction of civilization. Milton is one of those very few people."</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Source <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ben Bernanke admits FED CAUSED GREAT DEPRESSION]]></title>
<link>http://dprogram.wordpress.com/?p=300</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jun 2008 01:55:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>t3soro</dc:creator>
<guid>http://dprogram.wordpress.com/?p=300</guid>
<description><![CDATA[While the public schools are still preaching their doublespeak that those evil capitalists and busin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While the public schools are still preaching their doublespeak that those evil capitalists and businessmen caused the great depression, Ben Bernanke spits the truth in 2002 at Milton Friedman's 90th birthday.<!--more--></p>
<p>From <a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm">http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm</a></p>
<p>For practical central bankers, among which I now count myself, Friedman and Schwartz's analysis leaves many lessons. What I take from their work is the idea that monetary forces, particularly if unleashed in a destabilizing direction, can be extremely powerful. The best thing that central bankers can do for the world is to avoid such crises by providing the economy with, in Milton Friedman's words, a "stable monetary background"--for example as reflected in low and stable inflation.</p>
<p>Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: <strong>Regarding the Great Depression. You're right, we did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again. </strong></p>
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