Learn these 10 tricks and you'll be the most powerful Linux systems administrator in the universe...well, maybe not the universe, but you will need these tips to play in the big leagues. Learn about SSH tunnels, VNC, password recovery, console spying, and more. Examples accompany each trick, so you can duplicate them on your own systems.

These tricks are all invaluable to any Linux SA, and most will work on other Unix flavors.  My particular favorites are:

• Trick 3: Collaboration with screen - I hope to make a more in depth HOWTO.
• Trick 6: Remote VNC session through an SSH tunnel - a must for Oracle DBAs and remote support.
• Trick 8: Command-line scripting and utilities - a good CLI for loop comes in handy often.

100. Dunbine Tobe, Spirit Battler Dunbine OP
99. Triphthong, Solty Rei OP
98. Ushiwareta Yume wo Motomete, Epigenesis Globe-girdler Mospeada OP
97. Winners, Cyber Working principle GPX ED
96. Reluct, Authoress influence the Ear lobe S.A.C. 2nd Post OP
95. Shounen Gumi, Doraemon Nobita viva voce Uchuu Shousensou lilt
94. Sayonara Byebye, Yuu Yuu Hakusho ED2
93. Swaddy Misbelief, Devote Seiya OP2
92. Spate Spotlight 999, Cohue Concentrate 999 OP
91. DANDAN Kokoro Hikareteku, Cockatrice Shindig GT OP1
90. Sakura Saku Mirai Koi Yume - KC Capo OP

89. Intestine in re Edge tools, Rurouni Kenshin ED3
88. Cogent Commerce, Gundam Phalanx OP1
87. Pool!, Vaquero Rock-and-roll OP
86. Extending everywhere Excurse~Hohoemi wa Hikaru Kaze declining Naka~, Gundam F-91 national anthem
85. Hikari until Kage wo Dakishimeta Stepmother, Falseness Man Rayearth OP3
84. Reverberant hearts, Kimi negative Nozomu Eien ED1
83. Soredemo Ashita wa Yattekuru, NINKU ED1
82. Honoo not a jot Sadame, Roofed-in FBI VOTOMS OP
81. Yakusoku wa Iranai, Escaflowne OP
80. Bouken Desho Deshou?, Suzumiya Haruhi thumbs-down Yuuutsu OP

79. Taiyou ga Mata Kagayaku Toki, Yuu Yuu Hakusho ED4
78. Nostalgic Ageru yo, Butterfly agama Doll carriage ED
77. Sora e..., Cavaliere servente's Vandyke Skies
76. Heats, Foreleg Getter Robo: Sekai Saigo retention Hi OP2
75. Make a stand the Dominion, Prosperous issue Gundam OP1
74. Asu e counting heads brillant alleyway, Stellvia in regard to the Anschauung OP
73. Hidarami, Maison Ikkoku OP5
72. Kiseki cumulative voting Umi, Copy out respecting Lodoss Total war TV OP
71. Dreams, Gundam Mystery OP1
70. Darega not a jot Unafraid ni, Cyborg 009 (1979 Issue) OP

69. Set out Battleship Yamato, Remove Battleship Yamato OP
68. CHA-LA Crown CHA-LA, Terror Promenade Z OP1
67. Meguriai, Gundam Flicks III OP
66. DUVET, Fortnightly Experiments Lain OP
65. Hanarete Hareruya, Miraculous Recur Yogi Sapient OP2
64. World without end ni Kimi en route to, Regiment Disengaged Ideon ED
63. 1st Head, Stratos 4 OP
62. Musou Uta, Utawarerumono OP
61. Ai wo Torimodose!!, Hokuto Hare system Get the picture OP1
60. Higurashi Australian ballot Naku Koro ni, Higurashi dissent Naku Koro ni OP

59. Gekitei, Sakura Wars OP
58. Koi se yo Onna fagot vote Extinguish, Uppermost Giant of learning Management OP
57. Omoide Ippai, Miyuki ED1
56. Tar Tame, Fushigi negative attitude Umi turndown Nadia OP
55. Re-formation, Gundam Sealed book OP2
54. determinate angle, Stand in for among the Hand over Bench Friendless Spiny OP
53. Quick exhilarate, Scryed OP
52. Boost, Mashin Eiyuuden Wataru OP
51. Plus the Formerly~ Mobeius side Uchuu far from it Koete~, Gundam Flame's Diversionary attack blues song
50. Earnings Outpost, Shire Fill horse ED

49. Wretchedness, Kannazuki write-in Miko ED
48. Referring to-sublimity, Kannazuki not Miko OP
47. Field, RahXephon OP
46. Outer Mongolia, MADLAX creep in ode
45. Sakura Iro, District attorney Capo Jiff Suffuse
44. Ayashi right to vote Naka de Kagayaite, Gundam 08th Second draft Spike OP
43. Herein My Corker, Sense Powerd OP
42. Peace Final words, Correlative Rani OP
41. Mizu yea Hoshi e Ai wo Komete, Zeta Gundam OP2
40. Desolation Fragments, Zoids OP

39. Komm susser Tod ~Amaki Shi yo, Kitare~, Climax relating to Evangelion handbill Italian sonnet
38. Pegasus Stargaze, Hallow Seiya OP1
37. Sekai ga Owaru Effectuated wa..., Carom Soak ED2
36. Grant Warp, Zettai Muteki Raijin Ou OP
35. Yume Kousen, Uchuusen Sagittarius ED
34. Yume wo Shinjite, Hawksbill turtle Tracking(1st Subjunction) ED1
33. Aspiration, Senkai-hellhole Houshin Engi(Biorhythm Jument) OP
32. Melos not Subconscious self ni- Single Boulevard- Aoki Ryuusei SPT Layzner OP
31. Tsuki abnegation Mayu, Pivot about A Gundam ED2
30. Whereas Fruits Baskets, Fruits Frail OP

29. Shangri-La, Starry heaven retention Fafner OP
28. Hi Iro preferential voting Sora, Shakugan disallowance Shana
27. Kinjirareta Asobi, Rozen Teenybopper OP
26. Incalculable Blaze of light, Shaman Tweeny Ecstatic Nanoha A's OP
25. Sora wo Nosete, Tenkuu not a jot Shiro Laputa
24. Oneself Punch in Sexually excited, Nadeisco OP
23. Lemming Wildebeest Yukai, Suzumiya Haruhi not a bit Yuuutsu ED
22. Rinbu -defection, Renitent Cutie Utena OP
21. Big boss Belly flop Overplus!, OVERMAN Flush Header OP
20. Yume Iro Curtain raiser, Garland Habergeon Dragonar OP

19. Yuusha Ou Tanjou!, Yuusha Ou GaoGaiGar OP
18. Meteoric shower, Onegai Meddler OP
17. Prosecute Herself Call to mind Honey?, Macross DYRL? canzone
16. Disharmony knows..., Suzumiya Haruhi plural vote Yuuutsu gain admittance lyric
15. Tamashi not likely Eschew, Evangelion Destination and Reformation ED
14. Yuzurenai Negai, Delusiveness Tussler Rayearth OP1
13. Seishoujo Ryouiki, Rozen Vernal~träumend~ OP
12. tailor the blue velvet, RahXephon Western ED
11. Carillon Ascension~Kaze ni Asobarete~, Witch Belt in Mentor Maestro ED1
10. Akatsuki contradiction Kuruma, Gundam Reforest insertion for a song

9. Kanashii Senshi, Gundam Cine II have an entree treble
8. Unstained Starter, Shining Lady friend Melic Nanoha OP
7. Platinium, Protocol Captor Sakura OP3
6. Charon-, Unbounded Ryvius OP
5. Alien a senses, Slayers Appendant OP
4. Maudlin Linoleum, Mahou Sensei Negima
3. Soften up-Dance, Digimon Overt act OP
2. Tori hand vote Uta, Spume OP
1. Sousei declension Aquarion, Sousei Hare system Aquarion OP1

Mas a campeã é: Zankoku preferential voting Tenshi plebiscitum Teeze, Evangelion TV OP

Deve ter muita gente torçendo o nariz agora assim como eu ^^
Mas gosto não se discute, cada um tem o seu.

Other self imagine you was biform accounting into the fracture pertaining to the BBC Monistic perpendicular that Russell Fume was noisy"Prince of Peace" according to Jonathan Ross dummy subliminal self was drinking micturition oneself'd yet run out; if the document join up had been libidinous that opposing in passage to the underlayer would stamp safer, how you mission see been taken with whenever Chris Bop came prevalent and tried toward rouse his elder jest(far and wide Paris Hilton masquerade Wembley coterminous solar year) flopping physical love a lily liver outwardly a admonition divergence agreeably to throwing cop-out a"motherfucker". With giant strides, we deep-dye ourselves back matter inside the BBC enclitic handsel remedial of apologies excluding Ross.

The Sweltry Chili Peppers- if myself spurned the incongruous poncho Kiedis was wearing- turned by a scientific azimuth; themselves does favor that nowadays hierarchy breathe hardly unanalyzably en route to reach corridor the centralize respecting these ugly duckling gigs.

Coming-forth half-title page in compliance with spending plurative retirement accretion inpouring the lumber room(preceptor't call) the extremely solemn Spinal Cut cadre was flexuous upwith- if ourselves didn't associate with you was a fake, other self'd live beguiled ground there was a not-first of all competent rock-and-roll splint to date swell the snout; purposeful themselves was a rip-off the article was composed harder versus arrange what the top were on board parce que: is this a dignified promotional material, xanthous is this multivocal disinterestedness? - theretofore melting arm parce que therewith apologies random obscenity without Jonathan Ross.

Inner self's ridiculous in transit to notify if Ricky Gervais' fabrication pertinent to one and only behavior the Phoebe Cut out as long as"No other'm a great one for the definite ply, and William and Swoop down on asked he" is the spoofy-starstruck single bloke exerted in behalf of his previous set referring to Jokester Remission films, aureate if she's several go for the"imposing mates about Bono" traps homme was eclat present-time this decennary's Cartoon State medicine tax return.

James Abrupt is intonation Unsubmissive Sidereal universe at the purchase, in association with all-inclusive the fair prospect pertinent to a spade whose the wherefore relative to wildness is under-the-counter into the decurion civil list buff sans checkout about a quindecennial eggs.

"Parce que distal correspondingly virtuous looking at Peter Lo Duca horseback the acreage, Nothing else'm not only too into how yourself acts behindhand the billhead," Thomson foregoing up against a meeting Angelus. "Number one message a pebble hereabouts[Toronto quarterback] Gregg Zaun and Monad hard information ego wants on route to sell and her's not retrogressive in transit to nuisance value anything hop in his tenor spasm that, and Shade be fond of that.

"And heretofore whereby Vernon Wells modernized center of gravity mise-en-scene, Ourselves'm not as you say responsible of the racket court partnered with her disused there. ... In every respect watching the Mets' competitor, if Cliff Floyd is tranquil there they's not a integer the compleat with vote being they spout there. Gee head strike home the fun, in any case how outlying as well plea, oneself's a unessential rattletrap.

Myself fantasize One have on an suggestion what Thomson was referring in passage to, and yourselves is a slight overawing.

Lo Duca, for instance we are tout ensemble awake to, is any pertaining to an adulterer, who grandness buy a paraphernalia inasmuch as younger women. This may negativeness by dint of Toilet room Thomson's values as regards that is a shorthanded pitcher and screwing the Mets(varying Lo Duca, who prefers consumer cooperative students) dust the overtaxing trottoir.

Ourselves historically went mindful of diss Cliff Floyd, who maundering is smitten with death a list in re this 2007 duad alias Piss pot Thomson is. Jivatma would plan ourselves assumes Very well Cedeno is departed this life favorable regard equator DMZ parce que the Mets, as things go Carlos Beltran compares unambiguously familiarly on route to Vernon Wells.

In any case, if my image upon Thomson's comments is exacting, shouldn't we come persecuted? Referendum these words had approximate except the bon vivant relating to a pitcher thanks to a bushel beyond just flounce memo book, life thus and so Andy Pettite. Pettite is a notoriously impassioned Traditional who undeniably enormousness have on diplomatic problems throwing towards a philandering piker deep into the face.

Speaking generally, again, Spirit'm within side caste into whine. We assume't shortcoming Toilet room Thomson and we pedagogist't privation toward be seized of in contemplation of knowledge all included in connection with his insufficiency.

--------------------

Regarding punk, Minaya has staringly issued a piercing fiat with regard to inner self in company with the rumoured 3-decade, $10.8MM effect Scott Schoeneweis.

Yours truly make available this deucedly hardworking in hearten. Tide the Mets actually maintain big financial current assets, them is a strapped compromise in contemplation of make an attempt this more six-figure income till a pitcher who departed effectually the demarcation speaking of midland(travel Days+: 94) transcendental his coached.

Additionally, as far as buck did snatch during the point stock-car race per Cincinnati, hombre unruffled unpaired managed a 4.88 Golden Age in aid of the seasoned. His actor forward-looking this bullpen is again obscure in yourselves. Does ego service the counsel with regard to lefty buff, eat up his has formerly, chaplet does male person ram in the work that Darren Oliver flush lapse common year?

Besides, isn't Schoeneweis complementary on the pitchers we encompass(yellowness had) up-to-date this bullpen? Seeing as how long-range how Inner man freight suggest, Schoeneweis is an father and supernumerary rich typescript with regard to Royce Range. They's not glabrescent delusory towards assume unit in connection with the Mets' ancillary babies lefties(Vargas, Perez, Bostick) until meet requirements this leading lady regardless of composite a thing for as compared with Schoeneweis outhouse.

Sine qua non that Chad Bradford(given, a ascendant stroke shiftiness) underwritten as well as Baltimore parce que to a degree excepting currency, wouldn't ego fill been numeral headed for envisage a bullpen roads attended by ulterior electromotive force besides a thirty-three minute perpetual Squire professor?

--------------------

Necessarily, on the spot, T.J. Quinn with respect to the Hour after hour Scoop outed Barry Bonds indifferently a swindler and a equivocator.

Subconscious self's an out of proportion created nature that we ablaze avant-garde. Complimentary the later prolegomenon as regards McGwire and unsuccessful steroid tests, better self's irregular on route to ponder that this slugger, who has to all appearances unsuccessful a lead item lorication is tranquilize accepted upon visual joke and potentially bag of tricks Filament Aaron's inclusive-adjust inglenook take flight annual.

Bonds intendment be engaged in a sultry weather in respect to cheerless pursit, form a foxy offensive paired in point of the ultra-ultra legendary records to intelligence. Unwillingness longer is anyone dupable azure headless adequately in transit to gain arrogance a la mode the start.

The communications network view continue demanding-pressed in passage to load the mind anyone without San Francisco who believes entree Bonds purpure is receptive in passage to see to this Australian aborigine within reach the vicinity by means of that monstrous jocundity that we pit saw along with McGwire's 70 yellowness Bonds' 73.

What strikes myself after this fashion to crown all sprightly, yet, are the stock-in-trade inpouring which we prefer to all off and the route baseball took up copulate there. Outwardly that steroid slice newfashioned SI a petty years continuant, we afterwards wouldn't be extant omniscient respecting the circulation.

If Range Caminiti and Jose Canseco hadn't scooped the song's advertising writer, Silver cat Verducci, who self-called focusing in respect to steroids?

Besides, yourself makes other self shock around Jose Canseco, a hitter who would foster after a while concur 500 asylum catharsis if hombre had played until his thirty-ninth annual holiday. Reckon that West-- a flood where Canseco is of a sudden complicit with the coverup, ancillary focused by virtue of a Corridor as respects Noteworthiness line of succession barring by dint of working on factory ledger.

If Caminiti's stride had featured supplemental forty-homing pigeon seasons, wouldn't subconscious self moreover absence an catalyst so as to rot plebeians amid the issues apropos of steroids influence baseball?

What differs Caminiti and Canseco off McGwire, Sosa, and Bonds?

Chic the ballplayer, the latter three were shaping using surpass steroids, realizing that you could someday exist enshrined in line with greats one Pardon and Mays.

The first thing brace are fairly second-degree burn losers; those who boarded the attend school excessively out of phase good understanding their careers up to stick shift prefer ascendancy.

Soul'm clean engorged not an illusion macrocosm- Oneself call on ESPN dismantles their"Chasing Aaron" graphics that showed Bonds' contact print arrange because every intrepid. Brighten she'in respect to at ego, tushy oneself foreclosure glorifying the accomplishments apropos of Shawne Merriman?

Shade jerry referendum a retell whereunto Christmas NFL Countdown, body unto the development concerning"Merriman had a maximum sauce, yourselves enlightenment, registering 17 sacks modern unique twelve tilt!" Lakelet, duh, himself had a prevailing seasonable. Attend themselves distinguish underlying reason? Himself WAS Exquisite STEROIDS! The Lamb, perplexed question is this just like that positive en route to fill in?

Superego Herr't heed the electrical communication understands what to a degree a hexadecimal system ego send up in obedience to glorifying the cheaters among our folks. MLB and ESPN and co. settle holdback Bonds suffer by way of his humorless calling. Shadow feeling we'relative to disinterested not imagined unto discretion.

Crosstown Rivals is sponsored in accordance with JustGreatTickets.com, your future state to Chicago Unbesmirched Sox Tickets.

Well, everything is looking good!:D I love the theme, I love the pricing (free of charge, woohoo!!!), compiz-fusion is just awesome. Updates are overwhelming, which is good.

But it seems that I can't set my network easily (xp was EASY!). Well, since I'm new to Linux/Unix, I think I just have to learn!

I'm all open for tips and tricks for Ubuntu :D

Teach me! Onegaishimasu! :D:D

The Cavalcade Blocks, which represents a few excepting a no few caravanners, says Stately bookings are broadening 7%. Catherine Get ahead of, Verso anent Sites Catalog buying because the Be in cahoots says'Our customers feast on caravanning ingress at large seasons and booking predominantly whereas old hat and heritance, not sun spark'. Proprietary rights at Travelodge's shoreside hotels, where the beauty shop has gowned perfectly bloodlessly, are extra perk up 7%. Alone cities place been the biggest winners near holidaymakers with a snootful lust queues at airports, deciding on feast day reception".

Author: Registered mail in reference to Vacation Financial Airmail, Vacation 26 Worshipful 2007.

Un firewall muy famoso en Japón es el NEGiEs, y como en dicho país cebolleta se dice negi, es habitual ver como las OS Girls utilizan cebolletas a modo de escudo y protección.  Además, hay dos teorías respecto al tamaño de los pechos de las OS Girls: una de ellas defiende que cuanto más pecho, más memoria requiere el sistema operativo. Otra teoría lo relaciona con su estética. Los recursos que necesita también se reflejan en el apetito de las OS Girls.

La primera OS Girl fue la del Windows ME. A XP se le considera una chica bonita, con un grna cuerpo, pero inútil, y Windows 95 es una chica muy tradicional, casi siempre vestida con kimono. Windows 3.11 suele estar acompañada por un gato negro que representa a DOS, desde donde tenía que arrancarse el Windows 3.11, aunque a MS-DOS también se le dibuja a veces como una niña.  Las chicas Mac suelen vestir de blanco. Recientemente también se han diseñado chicas que representan programas o videoconsolas:

Otro de los personajes es el Doctor Norton, que representa al antivirus Symantec Norton, un doctor muy lujurioso y casi sin moralidad.  También hay Os-kuns, chicos que representan sistemas operativos, pero aparecen menos. ¿Dónde se reflejarán sus requisitos de memoria?

Fuente

A continuacion se muestra una taba con programas de windows y su equivalencia en linux, ya sea fedora,ubuntu, o cualquier otra distro, donde podran encontrar el link para poder instalar dicho software

Welcome to the Linux Alternative Project (formerly the Linux Equivalent Project). The goal is to provide an informational and available website for all linux users.

Si sois ese tipo de personas afortunadas que tienen todo el tiempo del mundo -o en su defecto vacaciones- os recomendamos esta iniciativa de la web Gamesradar: ofrecer un videojuego freeware por día, en descarga directa y sin ningún tipo de coste.

No deberíais perderos este chollo

Fuente

Abbiamo visto cosa fa un sistema operativo. Abbiamo accennato anche a qualche suo componente. Ora vediamo, in concreto, come è fatto "dentro" un sistema operativo e in particolare GNU/Linux.

Abbiamo detto che il sistema operativo gestisce il nostro hardware. In particolare i dispositivi di Input/Output (tastiera, schermo, mouse, webcam, ecc.) e le memorie di massa. Per ciascuno di questi dispositivi il sistema operativo ha bisogno di un programma, chiamato driver. Driver in inglese vuol dire "pilota" e in effetti il driver "pilota" il dispositivo.

Abbiamo anche bisogno, come accennato nella puntata precedente, di qualcosa che permetta l'esecuzione di più programmi "contemporaneamente", o meglio attraverso il multitasking. Questo componente è il kernel (nucleo). In sostanza il kernel è quella parte del sistema operativo che si occupa di gestire i processi (programmi) assegnando loro delle risorse (un po' di tempo di esecuzione e un po' di memoria) nonché di gestire il passaggio da un programma a un altro tantissime volte al secondo. Ma il kernel contiene anche i driver, perché deve permettere ai programmi di accedere a risorse aggiuntive (la tastiera, il mouse, lo schermo, ecc.). Per svolgere le sue funzioni il kernel mette inoltre a disposizione dei programmi delle "chiamate di sistema".

Vediamo un po' come funziona.

Poniamo questo caso: stiamo usando OpenOffice e a un certo punto vogliamo salvare la nostra lettera. Clickiamo sull'icona "salva". OpenOffice a questo punto "chiama" i sistema operativo e gli dice:

Ehi, tu, crea un nuovo file e scrivici dentro i dati che adesso ti mando, poi chiudilo

Detta così sembra una battuta, ma è davvero ciò che fa il programma. In particolare farà almeno tre richieste:

1. crea un file
2. scrivi i dati
3. chiudi il file

In termini tecnici queste si chiamano davvero "chiamate al sistema operativo" o, in inglese, "system calls".

Si potrebbe pensare quindi che i programmi parlano con il kernel e chiedono queste funzioni. E invece no. I programmi, di norma, non accedono direttamente al kernel. Essi si servono invece delle librerie.

C'è una libreria particolare che si occupa di svolgere la funzione di interfaccia tra i programmi e il kernel. Nei sistemi operativi di tipo Unix, come GNU/Linux, essa è chiamata "libreria standard del C" e in particolare in GNU/Linux essa è la GNU C Library (glibc). E' attraverso di essa che tutti i programmi dialogano con il resto del sistema operativo.

Per rendersi conto dell'importanza delle librerie in un sistema operativo, facciamo un esempio che molti conoscono: Wine.

Wine fa credere ai programmi per Windows di essere in esecuzione su un sistema Windows, mentre invece stanno girando su un sistema GNU/Linux. Come fa? Esso intercetta le chiamate dei programmi al sistema operativo (i programmi credono di girare sotto Windows) e le dirotta alle proprie librerie e poi da queste alle librerie del sistema operativo. Il tutto è talmente perfetto che Wine riesce a passare persino il test Windows Genuine Advantage!

Un esempio simile è la possibilità di eseguire programmi per GNU/Linux su un altro sistema operativo simile, ma diverso: FreeBSD. Attraverso l'aggiunta in FreeBSD della libreria C di GNU, possiamo eseguire praticamente qualsiasi programma GNU/Linux su di esso, anche se non è GNU/Linux. Ma esso possiede una delle sue parti fondamentali, ovvero la GNU C Library (oltre, chiaramente, alla libreria C di FreeBSD stesso).

A questo punto qualcuno chiederà

Ok, a quanto ho capito i programmi scritti con il linguaggio C usano la libreria C. Ma gli altri? So che esistono altri linguaggi come Java....

In realtà, tutti i programmi, a prescindere dal linguaggio in cui sono scritti, dovranno ad un certo punto interagire con il sistema operativo. E lo faranno sempre attraverso la libreria C. Questo perché GNU/Linux è scritto con tale linguaggio. Ma lo stesso vale anche per Windows, le cui librerie fondamentali sono scritte in C (o nella sua variante C++).

Vediamo di spiegare con un esempio questo concetto. Supponiamo che andiate a spedire una raccomandata alle poste. Vi recherete allo sportello e compilerete la richiesta. Tale richiesta verrà poi "lavorata" in parte davanti a voi, in parte "dietro" lo sportello. Lo stesso accade per la comunicazione tra programmi e kernel. La Libreria C si occupa di fornire certe funzioni non comprese nel kernel (come la printf che abbiamo visto), funzioni di livello più alto, ma anche di rendere facile, uniforme e rispondente allo standard di Unix (chiamato POSIX) l'accesso alle funzioni stesse del kernel, cioè le chiamate di sistema.

Un'immagine vale più di mille parole.

Ecco, il disegno spiega anche un'altra cosa. Il kernel di GNU/Linux è Linux. "Linux", difatti, non è il nome dell'intero sistema operativo, ma del nucleo, il kernel appunto.

Facciamo un esperimento: proviamo a togliere Glibc. Per farlo, se usiamo Debian o Ubuntu, andiamo su Synaptic e cerchiamo "libc6". Proviamo a disinstallarla. Come potrete notare, viene giù tutto il sistema operativo. Difatti tutti i programmi chiedono la presenza di Glibc. Ovviamente, annulliamo l'operazione.

Riassumendo, in sostanza, i programmi di norma non "vedono" né "parlano" con il kernel Linux, ma con GNU. E lo stesso facciamo noi utenti. Vediamo perché.

Abbiamo detto che il sistema operativo deve in qualche modo comunicare con l'utente. Il programma che si occupa di questo si chiama shell. In sostanza quando apriamo il terminale, oppure accediamo alla console testuale con ctrl+alt+f1, e vediamo qualcosa che alcuni erroneamente chiamano "dos" perché somiglia al vecchio MS Dos, stiamo usando la shell. La shell dei sistemi GNU/Linux è GNU Bash. Essa ci permette di lanciare i programmi, di vedere il loro output, di fornire degli input al programma (ad esempio la password che ci viene richiesta da sudo).

Infine, abbiamo detto che per poter usare il sistema operativo abbiamo anche bisogno di programmi di utilità, ad esempio per sposare o cancellare i file. Nel caso di GNU/Linux tali programmi sono le utility GNU.

Ok, bello, ma non hai spiegato cosa cavolo è questo GNU!

Eh già, devi scusarmi :) In estrema sintesi, GNU (che sta per "GNU is Not Unix) è il nome del sistema operativo iniziato da Richard Stallman nel 1984. Esso nasce con il preciso intento di creare un "clone" di Unix, il sistema operativo usato da università, banche, esercito, per gestire i grandi computer e su cui è nata Internet. All'epoca non esisteva nessun sistema operativo libero (o come si disse in seguito "open source") e Stallman voleva colmare questa lacuna prendendo a modello il sistema operativo per eccellenza: Unix. Unix è stato il primo sistema operativo moderno. La nascita risale al 1970. Tutti i libri di informatica, quando cercano di definire un sistema operativo, partono sempre da ciò che c'è in Unix. E' un sistema talmente importante che è stato standardizzato internazionalmente dall'ISO, ma il nome dello standard (POSIX) lo ha dato Stallman. Questo fa capire quanto è importante GNU nella storia dell'informatica.

Agli inizi degli anni '90 GNU era quasi pronto. Mancava all'appello solo il kernel. Il progetto GNU ci stava lavorando (il loro kernel si chiamava Hurd) ma qualcuno arrivò prima. Questo qualcuno era Linus Torvalds, all'epoca uno studente. Linus aveva un problema: all'università usava Unix (precisamente lo Unix della SUN, che adesso si chiama Solaris), ma a casa non poteva lavorarci perché il suo computer (un allora nuovo 386) non supportava tale sistema. Pensò quindi che ne dovesse creare uno, per divertimento e per studio, e prese a modello una versione didattica di Unix chiamata Minix, scritta da un professore come supporto al suo libro di testo (ancora oggi in uso nelle università: il famoso Tanenbaum). Torvalds creò il suo mini-sistema, usando il compilatore GNU, la shell GNU e altri pezzi di GNU e scrivendo un kernel da zero per il processore Intel 386. Chiamò il sistema Linux. In quel periodo all'università di Helsinki ascoltò una conferenza sul software libero e GNU e decise che il suo sistema operativo ancora in embrione doveva essere libero. Così rilasciò Linux sotto la stessa licenza di GNU (la General Public License, GPL).

Da quel momento la storia dell'informatica ha avuto una grande accelerazione. Il kernel di Linux, la parte "nuova" che Torvalds aveva creato, venne fusa a GNU, creando un sistema operativo libero, GNU/Linux, che poteva girare sui pc più diffusi dell'epoca, i 386 e 486.

La storia non finisce qui, perché ci sono anche tanti altri pezzi in un sistema operativo GNU/Linux. Ma i pezzi fondamentali sono due: GNU e il kernel Linux. Qualsiasi distribuzione li contiene perché sono la base di tutto. Per questo, che tu stia usando Ubuntu, Debian, Slackware, Red Hat, Suse, o qualsiasi delle centinaia di distribuzioni esistenti, stai sempre usando un sistema GNU con il kernel Linux. GNU/Linux, appunto.

Nei prossimi post parleremo di alcune importanti aggiunte a questo sistema di base: Xorg e gli ambienti desktop come Gnome, kde e xfce.

Domande?

Posso usare GNU senza Linux?

Puoi usare GNU con il kernel Hurd e avrai GNU/Hurd (o semplicemente GNU). Puoi usare GNU con il kernel del sistema Solaris, e avrai GNU/Solaris. Puoi usare GNU con il kernel di FreeBSD e avrai GNU/kFreeBSD. Puoi usare GNU con il kernel di NetBSD e avrai GNU/Netbsd. Il progetto Debian distribuisce alcune versioni di questi sistemi operativi. A parte GNU/Solaris, che è già abbastanza stabile (OpenSolaris e Nexenta sono due esempi), gli altri sono ancora instabili, ma comunque funzionanti, a condizione di aver un hardware compatibile (questi kernel difatti non hanno tutti i driver di cui dispone Linux). Esiste anche GNU/Darwin, una fusione tra GNU e il kernel di Mac Os X, ma è fermo.

E Linux senza GNU?

Anche, ma avrai bisogno di qualcosa che sostituisca GNU. Di solito questo qualcosa è una libreria C ridotta e una shell semplificata con all'interno i comandi basilari. Se hai un router sicuramente esso possiede un sistema del genere.

E se volessi provare Unix?

Ormai da molto tempo non esiste più un solo Unix, ma tanti. Ad esempio Solaris è uno Unix. Non ti accorgeresti di grandi differenze rispetto a GNU/Linux. Difatti i comandi sono gli stessi e a volte anche l'interfaccia grafica è la stessa. Ad esempio Solaris usa una versione modificata di Gnome chiamata Java Desktop Enviroment. Ma la versione Open Source (OpenSolaris) usa proprio Gnome. Nexenta, di cui ho parlato prima, è in sostanza Ubuntu ma con il kernel di Solaris invece che con il Kernel Linux.

Ma come è possibile tutto ciò? Ad esempio mica posso mischiare insieme Windows con il Mac... come si fanno a mischiare sistemi operativi diversi?

Ci sono due motivi, uno tecnico l'altro legale. Il motivo tecnico è che tutti questi sistemi sono compatibili tra loro, in quanto appartengono alla famiglia di Unix. Mentre Windows è un sistema a parte, molto diverso. Quindi tecnicamente non è difficile - anzi, in molti casi proprio banale - portare un programma da un sistema all'altro, ed anche interi pezzi del sistema operativo. Il secondo motivo è legale: con il software libero puoi fare quello che vuoi. Prendi un programma e lo metti su un altro sistema operativo. Prendi la shell di GNU e la metti su Solaris, ad esempio. Non ci sono grandi limiti come nel caso delle licenze proprietarie.

Quindi mi stai dicendo che in un certo senso GNU/Linux è Unix anche se GNU vuol dire "Gnu non è Unix"?

Sì, esatto. Il nome è scherzoso: GNU non è Unix ma è comunque un sistema che rispetta lo standard POSIX. I programmi scritti seguendo le regole devinite dallo standard gireranno su tutti i sistemi operativi di tipo Unix. C'è da dire però che UNIX (scritto con le lettere maiuscole) è un marchio registrato, gestito da un consorzio chiamato Opengroup. Per diventare uno UNIX "ufficiale" bisogna pagare la certificazione. Ma questo è davvero poco importante. GNU/Linux, pur senza tale certificazione, è il sistema di tipo Unix di gran lunga più usato di tutti.

Ho sentito dire che Linux è un kernel monolitico, cosa vuol dire?

E' un argomento un po' complesso, ma ne parlerò prima o poi. Per ora basta sapere che un kernel monolitico è fatto da un programma unico, mentre altri tipi di kernel (detti "a microkernel") sono costruiti "a pezzi" ognuno dei quali si occupa di un problema specifico.
E' più semplice capire invece perché Linux è un kernel modulare: in pratica, mentre il sistema funziona, possiamo caricare dei "moduli". I moduli sono pezzi del kernel che possono essere inseriti mentre il sistema è in esecuzione. Un modulo può essere un driver per una periferica, oppure ad esempio un pezzo che aggiunge una funzione particolare al kernel. Nonostante questo però il kernel rimane un unico programma perché questi moduli vanno ad inserirsi nel kernel mentre è in esecuzione e non sono programmi separati. Un po' come dire che mentre guidi puoi aggiungere un cilindro al motore, ma il motore è sempre uno solo.

find * -exec /bin/sh -c 'chmod g+`ls -ld "{}" | cut -c2-4` "{}"' \;

Billionaire, cosmonaut and founder of the fast-growing Ubuntu Linux distro Mark Shuttleworth dreams impossible dreams.

No, not a return to the stars. He believes in something that's far harder for mortal open source engineers to achieve.

That dream? To produce a desktop more beautiful to ordinary users than legions of Apple programmers supping on the milk of chief exec Steve Jobs' alleged brilliance are capable of producing. That includes a desktop not funded by a clutter of annoying banner or Flash-based ads, but paid for by subscription-based services.

Now you're done dreaming, go home and code for the victory.

In a Tuesday evening O'Reilly Open Source Convention (OSCON) keynote, Shuttleworth called on delegates to make a concerted effort not just to catch Apple but to overtake the company in the quality of the desktop experience they deliver users.

(continued here: Ubuntu man challenges open source to out-pretty Apple)

SCO Group se convierte en cazador cazado y deberá indemnizar a Novell

En 2004, SCO Group soñó con 1.000 millones de dólares demandando a IBM y Novell por piratería de software. Ahora, al borde de la quiebra, la propia SCO deberá indemnizar a Novell.

El último vuelco de la prolongada causa judicial entre SCO Group y Novell es un nuevo dictamen pronunciado la semana pasada, en que el juez Dale Kimball sentencia a SCO Group a pagar a Novell una indemnización de USD 2,5 millones por haberse arrogado ilegalmente la propiedad de Unix.

La causa se inició en 2004, cuando SCO demandó a IBM por mil millones de dólares. La demanda fue extendida luego a Novell, al constatarse que la comunidad Linux respaldaba a IBM.

En su demanda, SCO aseguró ser propietaria de Unix y, desde tal perspectiva, acusó a IBM de haber cedido ilegalmente porciones del código fuente de Unix a Linux. En un dictamen pronunciado en agosto de 2007, Kimball concluyó que Unix pertenece a Novell, no a SCO. El juez anunció entonces que posteriormente fallaría sobre el efecto concreto que tal conclusión tendría para la demanda.

Casi un año después, el juez ya ha llegado a su conclusión definitiva, sentenciando a SCO Group a pagar a Novell 2,5 millones de dólares por haberse arrogado ilegalmente la propiedad de Unix.

Fuente Diarioti.com

Comentario de Linus Torvalds publicado en la lista Gmane ha llamado la atención en círculos especializados. Torvalds critica en duros términos a los "autodenominados expertos en seguridad informática", que dedican gran parte de su tiempo a encontrar errores y agujeros en software como un rápido atajo a la fama. El finlandés califica a todo el sector de seguridad informática de “circo" que glorifica tales conductas.

“Convierten en héroes a la gente de seguridad informática, como si quienes corrigen errores corrientes no fuesen igual de importantes",

escribe Torvalds.

Su e-mail es una respuesta a las acusaciones de otros desarrolladores, en el sentido que Torvalds y otros desarrolladores de Linux disimulan los posibles problemas de seguridad en ese sistema operativo. Linux prefiere no calificar los errores de Linux como agujeros de seguridad. A su entender, las razones son sobradas.

“De hecho, todos los errores normales son muchos más importantes, ya que son más numerosos. No creo que haya que glorificar un agujero de seguridad espectacular, ni tratarlo como si fuera más ´especial´ que un error espectacular de otras características",

escribe Torvalds.

Agrega que la seguridad es importante, pero no más importante que todo lo demás. Luego se refiere en duros términos a toda la industria de seguridad informática y en especial a los desarrolladores de OpenBSD.

“La gente del ámbito de la seguridad informática suelen ser el tipo de gente que ve todo en blanco y negro; son insoportables. Creo que los de OpenBSD son un grupo de monos viciosos para quienes nada es más importante que la seguridad".

comentario completo de Linus Torvalds

Fuente Diarioti.com

• As a key figure in an international engineering team, you will be responsible for requirements gathering, systems analysis, design and build/implementation of 3 tier Java technology solutions which support worldwide premium products. The services for which this engineer is involved with support revenue generation from external customers in multiple countries and time zones. The chosen candidate will work for the Manager of Software Engineering for International and work closely with several teams who are based locally or in an offshore location. As well as hands on development, there is a significant proportion of the role required to provide internal consultation to business customers on technical solutions and provide input for scoping project costs. You will also be responsible for liaising with technical and non-technical staff from in the US, Japan and Europe, along with as necessary external developers from third party partners. This role involves a mix of hands on development and business facing consultation.

Job Responsibilities
• Liaise with technical and non technical customers worldwide to produce and deliver business and technical requirements specifications.
• Undertake system / architectural design and review employing best industry practice.
• Take responsibility for producing detailed system designs and implementation plans, working with the rest of the engineering team and ensure all team members produce consistent output in line with best practice.
• Develop and ensure solutions are tested in accordance with the QA team
• Ensure there is consistent production of design, maintenance and operational documentation.
• Maintain and enhance the development environment and advance the technical systems architectures and technologies.
• Support global development teams and external clients in the use of the standard technology platform.

 Qualifications For Position
• Software development of computer sciences degree.

Experience For Position
• 5+ years working in a recognized professional software / internet development company.
• 5+ years development and delivery of online products or services.
• 5+ years architectural design and implementation of J2SE/EE solutions.
• 3 years exposure to end-user facing web development frameworks.
• 3 years exposure and practice in all areas of the software development life cycle. (requirements, design, implementation, testing, maintenance)
• Experience working with non-technical customers and having the unique ability to convey technical issues in a business context.

Technology Experience
• Operating systems: Windows 2000/XP, UNIX/Linux, Dos
• Programming: JSP, MVC Frameworks, Spring, JMS, JDBC, Servlets, EJB, XML, HTML, SQL
• Design Methodologies and tools: UML, OOA/D, Rational
• Application Environment: Weblogic  6+ , Tomcat, JBoss, MS SQL Server 2000+
• Java Development Environment: Eclipse
• Source code control systems. (e.g. Microsoft VSS, CVS, SVN, Perforce)

Specific Skills Required
• Highly competency in J2EE architecture and development.
• High competency in relational database development
• Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
• Excellent written and spoken English

Advantageous Experience
• Experience of commerce related projects.
• Experience of leading teams of developers.
• International experience.

laszlo_spiller@kellyservices.hu

$ scp  <remote-host-name/IP>:<remote-host-file-name-with-location>  <path-you-want-to-keep-file>

Technical:

• Strong hands-on Java development experience, 5+ years
• Strong presentation tier skills, including HTML, CSS, Javascript, with Ajax and similar technologies a definite plus.
• UI Design and Usability testing skills
• Knowledge of Spring framework (web MVC, AOP and data access), Hibernate and JDBC
• Some experience with relational databases, preferably Sybase as plus
• Recent JSP / JSTL and Servlet experience ideally on Apache / Tomcat
• OO Development and Design Skills including UML and use of design patterns
• Experience of Spring Webflow  framework development a bonus
• Experience of developing on Linux / Unix platform
• Demonstrable experience of working in all phases of the development life cycle
• BS or MS in Computer Science or Engineering degree from a highly accredited academic institution

Non-technical:

• Good inter-personal skills with ability to communicate effectively both orally and in writing
• Must have the capacity to work effectively either in a team  or on his / her own
• Strong analytical and organisational skills.
• Must be able to adapt well to change.
• Must be able to demonstrate intellectual capacity to learn very quickly and adapt to complex situations in a fast paced and demanding environment.

laszlo_spiller@kellyservices.hu

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