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	<title>world-economic-forum &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/world-economic-forum/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "world-economic-forum"</description>
	<pubDate>Sat, 06 Sep 2008 05:48:08 +0000</pubDate>

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<title><![CDATA[World Economic Forum Innovation 100 meeting in Palo Alto]]></title>
<link>http://markturrell.wordpress.com/2008/09/03/world-economic-forum-innovation-100-meeting-in-palo-alto/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2008 23:00:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>markturrell</dc:creator>
<guid>http://markturrell.wordpress.com/2008/09/03/world-economic-forum-innovation-100-meeting-in-palo-alto/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I am having an excellent time contributing at the WEF event on innovation. This morning&#8217;s brea]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I am having an excellent time contributing at the WEF event on innovation. This morning's breakout session was on clusters, regional areas where there is high levels of connected innovation. Our group, led by Navi Radjou of Forrester Research, considered an optimistic scenario for Bangalore in India.</p>
<p>I just finished a great session on Innovation Talent, led by BT CTO Matt Bross. The topic was focused on the impact of the sub-prime crisis. Amongst some of the concepts were the increasing need to collaborate, the pressure in companies to focus on their core competencies and outsource other tasks, and the opportunity to attract real top talent who have been "destabilized" by downsizing, etc.</p>
<p>More to follow later. Need to concentrate at Prith Banerjee (HP Labs) and Cisco are sharing their innovation processes on stage.</p>
<p><a href="http://markturrell.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/p-640-480-9cd3804d-1232-4fb8-b12d-32fff5ec230e.jpeg"><img src="http://markturrell.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/p-640-480-9cd3804d-1232-4fb8-b12d-32fff5ec230e.jpeg" alt="" width="225" height="300" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-364" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://markturrell.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/p-640-480-b988c170-c459-4275-ae88-85bd6c89f869.jpeg"><img src="http://markturrell.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/p-640-480-b988c170-c459-4275-ae88-85bd6c89f869.jpeg" alt="" width="225" height="300" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-364" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://markturrell.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/p-640-480-f06ef8f6-43f8-4636-9865-f50f2f80c96b.jpeg"><img src="http://markturrell.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/p-640-480-f06ef8f6-43f8-4636-9865-f50f2f80c96b.jpeg" alt="" width="225" height="300" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-364" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[La Banca d'Italia e le donne]]></title>
<link>http://giovannacosenza.wordpress.com/?p=413</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 11:25:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>giovannacosenza</dc:creator>
<guid>http://giovannacosenza.wordpress.com/?p=413</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Su segnalazione di Loredana Lipperini, ripesco un articolo di Elena Polidori, apparso ieri su Repubb]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;">Su segnalazione di <a title="Lipperatura" href="http://loredanalipperini.blog.kataweb.it/lipperatura/2008/07/22/qualche-racconto-e-una-possibilita/" target="_blank"><strong>Loredana Lipperini</strong></a>, ripesco un articolo di Elena Polidori, apparso ieri su <a title="La Repubblica" href="http://www.repubblica.it" target="_blank"><strong>Repubblica</strong></a>, che tocca un problema di cui avevo già parlato in <a title="Non solo donne per le donne" href="http://giovannacosenza.wordpress.com/2008/02/19/non-solo-donne-per-le-donne/" target="_blank"><strong>questo post</strong></a>: in tutti i paesi del mondo c’è una stretta correlazione fra <strong>alto grado di diseguaglianza fra i sessi e </strong><strong>scarso sviluppo economico</strong> (vedi il report annuale del <strong><a title="The Global Gender Gap Report" href="http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Gender%20Gap/index.htm" target="_blank">World Economic Forum</a></strong>).</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Né l'articolo né l'argomento hanno avuto il rilievo e l'attenzione che meriterebbero.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">«Miracolo donna. Secondo uno studio della <a title="Banca d'Italia" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d'Italia" target="_blank"><strong>Banca d'Italia</strong></a>, una possibilità di risollevare l'economia italiana dalla fiacchezza che l'affligge sta - starebbe - nell'effettiva parità tra maschi e femmine sul mercato del lavoro. Almeno sulla carta. Se questo accadesse, obiettivo ancora assai lontano, ovvero se il tasso di occupazione femminile salisse al livello di quello maschile, il Paese avrebbe una discreta fetta di ricchezza in più.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Per restare solo nella sfera economica, che non è certo l'unica: il Pil, dunque il benessere, (a produttività invariata) crescerebbe addirittura del 17,5%, cioè circa 260 miliardi di euro. Un vero e proprio "tesoro" che vale come una valanga di pluristangate o migliaia di lotterie di Capodanno.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Per avere un'idea più concreta: grosso modo è come tutto il "sommerso". Ben 60 volte il taglio dell'Ici deciso dal governo. Quasi la metà di quel che s'è bruciato in tutte le Borse europee il 1 luglio scorso. Circa 1.400 volte gli aiuti che adesso l'Italia non vuole dare più ai paesi in via di sviluppo. Un miracolo, appunto.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Donna ausiliatrice, per così dire. Capace di fare da "stampella" all'economia malata, ma anche da straordinario volano per l'occupazione stessa. Con la parità, secondo lo scenario elaborato dall'economista Roberta Zizza, di colpo ci sarebbero quasi 5 milioni di occupate in più, per altro ben spalmate tra il Nord e il Sud, senza più le due Italie che esistono oggi. Un calcolo ancora più semplice dice che ogni 100 donne che entrano nel mercato del lavoro si creano 15 posti aggiuntivi nel settore dei servizi - dall'assistenza agli anziani e ai bambini, fino alle attività domestiche vere e proprie - prima non retribuiti perché gravavano sulle spalle della neo-assunta. «Effetto moltiplicatore», lo chiamano gli esperti.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Una soluzione di genere ai guai nazionali, insomma. E sarebbe un prodigio, anche senza arrivare al bilanciamento perfetto, se solo le donne riuscissero a risalire la china, fino ad un più onorevole tasso di occupazione del 60%. Ecco, pure in questo caso i benefici per il Pil sarebbero di tutto rispetto: più 9,2%. Non andrebbe male neppure se il pareggio avvenisse all´interno dell´universo femminile, con le occupate del sud balzate ai livelli nordici del 55,3%: più 5,8% del Pil.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Ma finché il miracolo non si realizza, il tasso di occupazione delle donne italiane resta tra i più bassi d'Europa, superiore solo a Malta: appena il 46,6%, contro il 70 degli uomini. Come se non bastasse, le femmine, costrette a dividersi tra casa e ufficio, pur essendo meno presenti sul mercato del lavoro, finiscono per sgobbare ogni giorno ben 75 minuti in più dei maschi, un record europeo. Hanno una retribuzione più bassa e percorsi di carriera più lenta. Sono pochissime le dirigenti: solo il 17% ha responsabilità di supervisione contro il 26 degli uomini e il divario rimane intatto nel tempo. «Bassa partecipazione e segregazione», nel linguaggio tecnico. Ecco, questa è la realtà, oggi, secondo dati 2007, denunciata di recente dallo stesso governatore della Banca d´Italia, Mario Draghi.»</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Elena Polidori, <em>La Repubblica</em>, 22 luglio 2008.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[TURISMO Y GLOBALIZACIÓN]]></title>
<link>http://oleopolis.wordpress.com/?p=470</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2008 16:36:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>oleopolis</dc:creator>
<guid>http://oleopolis.wordpress.com/?p=470</guid>
<description><![CDATA[


Frente a la visión del turismo como paradigma de la globalización, el sociólogo Julio Aramberr]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://oleopolis.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/cartetourisme2002.jpg"></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-471" src="http://oleopolis.wordpress.com/files/2008/07/cartetourisme2002.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="553" /></p>
<p></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">Frente a la visión del turismo como paradigma de la globalización, el sociólogo </span><a href="http://www.iesa.csic.es/es/jornadasturismoII/ponencias/S1-Aramberri.pdf"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">Julio Aramberri</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;"> mantiene que éste favorece en menor medida la integración entre sus componentes que otros sectores como el sistema financiero, las industrias audiovisuales o las redes de información. Esto se refuerza merced a que las principales fuentes estadísticas –OMT, WTTC y WEF-, se basan en el análisis de indicadores muy limitados, en especial al no considerar al turismo “doméstico” entre sus fuentes. Aramberri afirma que “…lejos de una generalización de la tendencia de todas sus partes, parece que el turismo mundial se distribuye en conjuntos o clusters donde el turismo se presenta cada vez más integrado entre emisores y receptores”. Obviamente los tres conjuntos destacados son los constituidos por Europa junto al Mediterráneo Sur y Norte, Norteamérica con Méjico y Caribe y en tercer lugar Asia Oriental al Norte y al Sur. Concluye que el sistema turístico mundial no se estructura en grandes flujos intercontinentales sino en conjuntos regionales o interregionales, contando cada uno con sus países claves y su hinterland. Al faltar esos hitos en zonas como Africa, Latinoamérica, Asia Meridional u Oriente Próximo, el turismo es escasamente globalizador. Sistematiza los datos del Consumo Turístico de los Viajes &#38; Turismo (V&#38;T) y su comparación con el PIB nacional, estructurando el turismo mundial en tres grupos (V&#38;T/PIB): </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">I) Gran Incidencia. Países de bajo desarrollo y diversificación; islas o pequeños territorios; próximos a grandes mercados emisores: Maldivas, Zimbabwe, Fiji, Croacia, Rep. Dominicana.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">II) Desarrollo sostenido:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">II.1) Países desarrollados. Países desarrollados más otros cinco miembros de la UE, representando el turismo más del 10% del PIB, economías diversificadas, receptores y emisores importantes, mercados internos de altas rentas y productos turísticos diversificados.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">II.2) Estrellas Ascendentes. Países en rápido desarrollo, economías crecientemente diversificadas con peso de la industria de V&#38;T, destinos bien posicionados y próximos a mercados emisores: Túnez, Tailandia, Marruecos, Costa Rica, Malasia, Egipto, Kenia, Turquía, Senegal…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">II.3. Intermedios. Economías poco diversificadas, a veces islas (Papúa), a veces más desarrollados (Hungría, Polonia), cercanos a mercados emisores (Ucrania, Albania). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">III) Atrasados. Areas menos desarrolladas, bajo PIB y renta per capita, mercados interiores limitados, economías poco diversificadas y distantes de mercados emisores. Países como Federación Rusa, Vietnam, Méjico, Sudáfrica, China, Argentina, Pakistan, India o Bangla Desh. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Aramberri opina que el turismo seguirá animando una globalización limitada. Por otra parte, la correlación entre desarrollo humano y<span>  </span>turismo, muestra una mejora en educación, salud o lucha contra la pobreza paralela al incremento de llegadas turísticas, lo que nos lleva a pensar en el caso de los PVD si es el turismo el factor –o uno de los factores- que contribuye a mejorar estos indicadores o por el contrario es la mejora de éstos la que facilita la llegada de los turistas. El papel del Estado y sus políticas, la actitud de la población, su historia y cultura, son determinantes junto a los factores físicos y ambientales, las infraestructuras, inversiones y condiciones de acceso, de un mayor o menor crecimiento de la actividad turística. En este sentido, el <span> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.weforum.org/en/index.htm"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">World Economic Forum</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">, está elaborando un </span><a href="http://www.weforum.org/ttcr08browse/index.html"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;">Indice de Competitividad Turística</span></a><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;"> (TTCI), como instrumento con el que potenciar la competitividad turística de los PVD y reducir la pobreza. El Indice combina 14 indicadores, agrupados en tres subíndices: Base normativa, Infraestructuras y entorno de negocio, y Recursos culturales, naturales y humanos. La OMT como colaboradora, ha pedido un ajuste metodológico del TTCI que module la penalización que representa en este ranking el hecho de valorar el desarrollo sesgadamente en aspectos críticos en los PVD. En todo caso, añade la OMT, deberían darse importantes transferencias de fondos para pulir las grandes diferencias de la actual situación de partida. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:auto 0;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"><a href="http://oleopolis.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/cartetourisme2002.jpg"></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 0 18pt;"> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Il prossimo anno accademico è a rischio: mancano i soldi!!!]]></title>
<link>http://salpetti.wordpress.com/?p=203</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2008 18:24:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>salpetti</dc:creator>
<guid>http://salpetti.wordpress.com/?p=203</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Il 25 giugno scorso, con il decreto che anticipa la manovra Finanziaria, il Governo ha ridotto dras]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-205" src="http://salpetti.wordpress.com/files/2008/07/laurea.gif?w=300" alt="" width="253" height="253" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Il 25 giugno scorso, con il <a href="http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/guridb/dispatcher?task=attoCompleto&#38;service=1&#38;datagu=2008-06-25&#38;redaz=008G0135&#38;connote=true" target="_blank">decreto che anticipa la manovra Finanziaria</a>, il Governo <strong>ha ridotto </strong>drasticamente i fondi dell'università e della ricerca. La <strong>protesta </strong>è cominciata piano, ma desso si sta allargando a macchia d'olio coinvolgendo tutti: rettori, docenti, ricercatori, studenti e pure il personale amministrativo.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La <a href="http://www.repubblica.it/2008/06/sezioni/scuola_e_universita/servizi/scuola-2008-uno/protesta-atenei/protesta-atenei.html" target="_blank">richiesta</a> del mondo accademico è sostanzialmente unanime: <strong>stralciare dal decreto alcune delle principali novità </strong>oppure <strong>modificarle durante l'iter parlamentare </strong>per la conversione in legge. Una posizione che sarà probabilmente ribadita il 22 luglio a Roma, quando alla Sapienza si svolgerà un'assemblea nazionale dei rappresentanti di tutte le componenti universitarie.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sono molti i punti criticati, tra i più contestato ci sono: la graduale <strong>riduzione del Fondo di finanziamento ordinario</strong> di di circa 1,5 miliardi entro il 2013 (prevede anche ad una forte stretta sulle assunzioni); la <strong>trasformazione degli scatti di anzianità negli stipendi </strong>dei docenti da biennali diventeranno triennali; una <strong>riduzione del Fondo di contrattazione integrativa</strong> del personale amministrativo; la <strong>possibilità per gli atenei di trasformarsi in Fondazioni di diritto privato</strong> e, quindi, di essere non essere più finanziati dallo Stato.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Secondo la <a href="http://www.crui.it/" target="_blank">CRUI </a>(Conferenza dei Rettori Universitari Italiani), questi tagli <strong>porteranno inevitabilmente il sistema (che già non naviga in buone acqua) al dissesto</strong> e dai vertici delle università continuano a piovere critiche nei confronti del decreto legge. In molte università si stanno già mettendo a punto forme concrete di protesta. A parte qualche defezione e qualche accesa manifestazione di dissenso, <strong>a rischio è il prossimo anno accademico</strong>, dicono rettori, docenti, ricercatori e studenti.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Il <strong>Coordinamento Giovani Accademici</strong>, intanto, ha pubblicato <a href="http://cga.di.uniroma1.it/" target="_blank">sul proprio sito internet </a><strong>una petizione</strong> con cui si chiede un nuovo approccio da parte del Governo nei confronti dell'università italiana e con  cui  si manifesta il proprio dissenzo a quello che è stato ribattezzato "<strong>decreto</strong> <strong>taglia finanziamenti</strong>" che, tra le altre cose,  <strong>riduce </strong><strong>ulteriormente i fondi dedicati alla ricerca di base. </strong>La petizione ha già raccolto più di 3.500 firme.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Non è un caso, quindi, che secondo l'ultimo <a href="http://download.repubblica.it/pdf/2008/cultura-italia.pdf" target="_blank">Rapporto di Federculture</a>, l'Italia è al <strong>17° per quota di pil destinata a investimenti in ricerca e sviluppo</strong>. La<strong> nostra migliore università pubblica, inoltre, è al 173° posto nella classifica degli atenei</strong>. Secondo il <a href="http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/Highlights2008/index.htm" target="_blank">World economic forum</a>, poi, l'Italia è al <strong>46° posto nella classifica della competitività</strong>; seimila cervelli ogni anno lasciano il paese e vanno all'estero e <strong>i professori sotto i 40 anni sono solo il 17% del totale</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>E poi ci stupiamo nel leggere certi dati... ;-)</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Das Ende der Globalisierung]]></title>
<link>http://wanderarbeiter.wordpress.com/?p=39</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2008 06:52:08 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>wanderarbeiter</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wanderarbeiter.wordpress.com/?p=39</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Grosse Wirtschaftstheorien halten meist nicht länger als ein paar Dekaden. Globalisierung ist nun d]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Grosse Wirtschaftstheorien halten meist nicht länger als ein paar Dekaden. Globalisierung ist nun dreissig Jahre alt und so gut wie tot, so berichtet der Kanadische Autor John Ralston Saul in seinem Artikel "The Collapse of Globalism and the Rebirth of Nationalism", welcher im März 2004 in Harper's Magazine erschien. Saul rekapituliert die Geschichte der Globalisierung mit ihrem Anfang in den siebziger Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts bis heute. </p>
<p>Obwohl von den Befürwortern als unvermeidlich deklariert, brauchte die Globalisierung stets Gefässe wie das World Economic Forum in Davos ab 1971, die G6 (G8 heutzutage) Treffen ab 1975, sowie Abkommen wie NATAL, GATE und danach WO. Das Wohl der Öffentlichkeit resultierte bei der Globalisierungsbewegung als Nebenresultat aus den Folgen von Handel, Wettbewerb und Selbstinteressen. Ihre Thesen waren verführerisch, einfache Lösungen, mit Verantwortung in unbekannten Händen (Marktkraft), so dass niemand für Nichts Verantwortung tragen musste. Gigantismus wurde als notwendig erachtet um Erfolg in den Weltmärkten zu erlangen. </p>
<p>Einzelne Widersprüche wurden bald erkennbar: Während Globalisierung die freie Wahl Einzelner über das Gemeinwohl zu stellen vorgab, positionierte sie in Wahrheit nicht die Konsumenten in ihren Mittelpunkt, sondern Unternehmenstrukturen, welche den Profit erhöhten in dem sie die Wahlfreiheit eindämmten.  Ausserdem ist es fragwürdig wie diese Ideology ein Wachstum in globalen demokratische Strukturen predigen konnte, wo sie doch versuchte die Macht der Nationen zu schwächen. Demokratien existieren innerhalb der Nationen und eine Schwächung der Nationen kommt einer Schwächung der Demokratien gleich.</p>
<p>Hinzu kamen unzählige Privatisierungsexperimente, welche für den Konsumenten desaströs endeten. Der grosse Durchbruch im Arbeitsmarkt für weibliche Angestellte (vor allem in Nord-Amerika) wurde bald als aufgeblasen erkannt: Plötzlich brauchten die Haushalte zwei Einkommen. In 25-Jahren stieg das Einkommen amerikanischer CEOs vom 39-fachen des Durchschnittsgehalts eines amerikanischen Arbeiters auf mehr als das 1'000 fache an.<br />
Es war bald klar das die Globalisierung ihre Versprechen nicht wird einlösen können. Die Führung einer Bewegung, welche als "wahrer Wettbewerb" gepriesen wurde, war mehrheitlich zusammengestellt aus Professoren, Berater und Technokraten, also Bürokraten des Privaten Sektors, welche grosse Firmen leiten. Die grossen Veränderungen, welche diese Leute einführten, hatten das Ziel Wettbewerb zu verhindern.</p>
<p>In den neunziger Jahren wurde allmählich klar, dass die Nationengefüge stärker waren, als man sich dies zugestand. Zum Beispiel 1991 als die Jugoslawische Armee versuchte Slowenien und Kroatien daran zu hindern ihre Föderation zu verlassen. Das folgende Massaker war ein Test für alle internationalen Organisationen. Alle scheiterten. Während darüber debatiert wurde, dass die globale Wirtschaft die Nationengebilde irrelevant machten, wurden tausende Menschen umgebracht um noch mehr Nationen zu kreieren. Schlimmer noch, das wirtschaftlich-administrative Gebilde der Europäischen Union war nicht in der Lage irgend etwas gegen diese Gräuel zu unternehmen. Ähnlich geschah in Rwanda: Die Nationen meldeten sich zurück; mit allem Übel.</p>
<p>Über mehrere Jahre versuchte Lateinamerika den Instruktionen, vom IMF, westlichen Regierungen und privaten Banken ausgelegt, zu folgen. Zwar gab es einige momentane Erfolge zu verzeichnen, aber langfristig führte der eingeschlagene Weg zum Kollaps. Befürworter beklagen, dass es hätte funktionieren können mit weniger starken Gewerkschaften, weniger Korruption etc., aber reale Wirtschaft muss sich auch in der Realität abspielen; ohne perfekte Bedingungen. Das Fazit ist, dass Latein Amerika nicht mehr an die Globalisierung glaubt. Ebenfalls Afrika, wie ein grosser Teil Asiens. Globalisierung ist nicht mehr global. </p>
<p>Einige Finanzminister haben in letzter Zeit, leise an Reregulierungen gearbeitet. Malaysia hat, als Antwort auf die Wirtschaftskrise, ihre Währung vom Markt genommen, den Export von fremdem Kaptial blockiert, Tarife erhöht und auch sonst alles getan was gegen die Regeln der Globalisierungsbewegung spricht. Trotz aller zynischen Kommentare westlicher Beobachter, dass der Staat dies nicht überleben würde, ging die eingeschlagene Strategie Malaysias schliesslich als Modell dafür hervor, dass eine Stützung der eigenen Währung hilfreich sein kann.</p>
<p>Ein weiteres Beispiel für einen Wirtschaftszweig, die von der Globalisierung richtig durchgeschüttelt wurde, ist die Flugindustrie. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg begann diese kräftig zu wachsen und Mitte der siebziger Jahren wurden erste Deregulierungen gefordert. Bei den Anschlägen vom 11. September 2001 erlitten diese einen Rückschlag von 5.7 Prozent, und obwohl es davor einen sechzig Jahre langen Aufstieg gab, war dies bereits zuviel des Schlechten. Diejenigen, welche 25 Jahre zuvor nach Deregulierungen riefen, waren nun Bankrott. Interessant sind auch die weiteren ökonomischen Auswirkungen der Anschläge vom 11. September 2001, als die Gefahr einer weltweiten Depression existierte und erst das eingreifen der Nationen in die Ökonomie schlimmeres verhinderte. Für einmal traten die CEOs zur Seite.</p>
<p>Neuseeland war in den frühen achtziger Jahren das Rollenmodell der Globalisierung. Was folgte waren Jahre mit stagnierendem Lebensstandard. Nachdem die nationale Industrie verkauft war, sich die Wirtschaft in Tiefflug befand und die Jungen das Land in alarmierender Zahl verliessen, kam die Wende in einer Abstimmung Ende 1999. Die Stimmbürger traten ein für die Wende: Mehr Regierungsinterventionen, mehr Regulierungen und einen stabileren privaten Sektor.</p>
<p>Im Frühjahr 2006 wollte Dubai Ports den britischen Hafenbetreiber P&#38;O übernehmen, der sechs Häfen in den USA kontrolliert. Damit wären der Seezugang zu New York, Baltimore, Miami, New Jersey, New Orleans und Philadelphia in die Hände eines staatlichen Unternehmens aus den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten gefallen. In den Häfen wären zwar künftig weiterhin die US-Küstenwache und der Zoll für die Sicherheit verantwortlich gewesen, trotzdem verursachte diese Meldung in den USA heisse Köpfe. Zuletzt hatte sich abgezeichnet, dass das US-Repräsentantenhaus den Verkauf blockieren würde. Der Haushaltsausschuss beschloss einen Gesetzesentwurf, der die Übertragung von Pachtverträgen an die Dubai Ports World verbietet. Schliesslich teilte Dubai Ports mit auf die Übernahme der Häfen zu verzichten. Interessanterweise bildeten republikanische Representanten die Speerspitze des Widerstands gegen die Übernahme. Politiker, welche sich stets gegen Protektionismus ausdrückten und alle glauben machen wollten, dass freier Handel Garant sei für Wohlstand, Stabilität und Sicherheit.</p>
<p>Nationalismus ist unverkennbar zurück und präsentiert sich leider nicht bloss von der nette Seite. Dies zeigt sich in Wahlerfolgen extrem-nationalistischer Richtungen Mitte dieses Jahrzehnts in West-Europa (Belgien, Dänemark, Frankreich, Holland, Norwegen, Schweden, Italien, Österreich, Nord Irland und auch der Schweiz). Globalisierung ist, nach einem eher kurzen Gastspiel, gescheitert. Bleibt zu hoffen dass die Wunden nicht allzu tief stecken, damit das Pendel nicht übertrieben in die Gegenrichtung ausschlägt.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Hyper-optimization and supply chain vulnerability: an invisible global risk?]]></title>
<link>http://husdal.wordpress.com/?p=528</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 02 Jul 2008 12:21:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>husdal.com</dc:creator>
<guid>http://husdal.wordpress.com/?p=528</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Supply chain disruption - a global issue? 
All companies and governments dependent on external suppl]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Supply chain disruption - a global issue? </strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">All companies and governments dependent on external suppliers are exposed to the risks of disruption in their supply chain. But the extent and complexity of current global supply chains mean that the problem of supply chain management is not limited to a single enterprise or industry: even a relatively small supply chain disruption caused by a global risk event may ultimately have consequences across the global economic system.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.weforum.org/pdf/globalrisk/report2008.pdf">Global Risks 2008</a>, a report prepared by the <a href="http://www.weforum.org">World Economic Forum</a>, maybe an unlikely source of information on supply chain risks, or maybe a particular source of information in this era of globalization,  looks at global risks from a range of different perspectives.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The report focuses on four emerging issues that are shaping the global risk landscape:</p>
<ul style="text-align:justify;">
<li>systemic financial risk</li>
<li>food security</li>
<li>supply chains</li>
<li>energy</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify;">On supply chains, the report investigates a hidden set of vulnerabilities in the global economy and their affect to supply chain disruption:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><!--more--></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Let me highlight some excerpts from the report concerning supply chain disruptions:</p>
<blockquote><p><em>All companies and governments dependent on external suppliers are exposed to the risks of<br />
disruption in their supply chain. But the extent and complexity of current global supply chains mean that the problem of supply chain management is not limited to a single enterprise or industry: even a relatively small supply chain disruption caused by a global risk event may ultimately have <strong>consequences across the global economic system</strong>.</em></p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Akin to the infamous "Butterfly effect", your minor disruption could have major and global implications. Or conversely, some other company's disruption may affect you severely, even though you in no (business) way are connected to said company.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>However, despite their importance both at the level of individual enterprises and at the level of the global economic system, <strong>vulnerabilities to the supply chain are generally poorly understood and managed</strong>. This is partly because the risks in the supply chain are obscured, as enterprises and governments may be indirectly exposed to a global risk disruption through<br />
a complex range of sub-supplier arrangements. But in some measure this is due to the range of possible global risk disruptions – from geopolitical risk to a natural catastrophe to pandemics. A US- or European-based company which sources key components from Asia will indirectly face <strong>risks that they may never encounter domestically</strong>, as well as <strong>very different cultural approaches</strong> to the management of risk.</em></p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">As supply chains grow more and more complex and intertwined, the risk of cross-contamination from risky supply chains to secure/safe supply chains increases, and managing risks, and in particular disruptions, can become very difficult, if cultural barriers add to the confusion and lack of common understanding and consensus of what should be done:</p>
<blockquote><p><em>The <strong>fragmentation of ownership</strong> of global risks and the <strong>complexity of interdependencies </strong>will make equitable and sustainable management of global risks hugely<br />
challenging. </em></p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The report was published early in 2008 and given the current global economic state and fears of economic recession as of July 2008 I could not help but notice this:</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Should <strong>systemic financial risk lead to a serious deterioration in the world economy</strong>, the prospects for collaborative (risk) mitigation may be reversed on several fronts simultaneously as attention turns to more immediate concerns.</em></p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Does this mean that supply chain disruptions are likely to increase now, as companies and governments are struggling to keep the economy afloat?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">You can read the full report here: <a href="http://www.weforum.org/pdf/globalrisk/report2008.pdf">Global Risks 2008</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[exchanging food for energy (part II)]]></title>
<link>http://lauianny.wordpress.com/?p=160</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 17 Jun 2008 02:25:40 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lauianny</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lauianny.wordpress.com/?p=160</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ It is interesting that Malaysia PM Abdullah Badawi urged participants of the World Economic Forum ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.zazzle.com/iposters" target="_blank"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-56" src="http://lauianny.wordpress.com/files/2008/03/patches1.jpg?w=64" alt="" width="64" height="96" /></a> It is interesting that Malaysia PM Abdullah Badawi urged participants of the World Economic Forum (WEF) to think again on the shift towards biofuel production (from food production).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Maybe he has neglected to look at his own backyard.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">When 30 years ago, you got to enjoy paddy fields, buffaloes, kampongs, rubber plantations, tin mines, cliffs and forests along the country roads, today, you see nothing but palm oil plantations along the North-South Highway.<span>  </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">On a flight from Singapore to KL, you will marvel at the endless sea of uniform palm greenery below.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Back in the 60’s, Malaysia was self-sufficient where rice was concern.<span>  </span>Today, it imports 30% of the staple grain.<span>  </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">The ongoing food shortage is a wake up call.<span>  </span>That is where PM Badawi is coming from in his address to the WEF.<span>  </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">His government has recently decided to encourage rice farming on a massive scale again.<span>  </span>It has identified the East Malaysian state of Sarawak for the purpose, and the state is supportive in providing more land.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Sound policy it is.<span>  </span>The next question then, is where the land will come from.<span>  </span>Will biofuel production hectares be converted, or will it involve clearing of more forests yet?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:13pt;"><a href="/2008/03/26/exchanging-food-for-energy/">*related article here</a></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Supply, demand, the capacity model, and China]]></title>
<link>http://mspeiser.wordpress.com/?p=18</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2008 22:34:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mike Speiser</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mspeiser.wordpress.com/?p=18</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A friend of mine sent me an email entitled Four Major Transformations by Herb Meyer.  The email sa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A friend of mine sent me an email entitled <em>Four Major Transformations</em> by Herb Meyer.  The email said the paper was presented at Davos.  I cannot confirm that this is by Herb Meyer or that the contents of the argument are accurate, but I found a copy of the email I received <a href="http://forum.themarkettraders.com/read-m/26/3773/3783" target="_self">here</a>.  I assume that the details of Herb's paper are accurate, but even if they aren't I think the point of this post is still applicable.</p>
<p>Here is a snippet of the paper that I would like to discuss:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><strong>The Emergence of China</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">In the last 20 years, China has moved 250 million people from the farms and villages into the cities. Their plan is to move another 300 million in the next 20 years.  When you put that many people into the cities, you have to find work for them.  That's why China is addicted to manufacturing; they have to put all the relocated people to work.  When we decide to manufacture something in the U.S. it's based on market needs and the opportunity to make a profit.  In China, they make the decision because they want the jobs, which is a very different calculation.<br />
  <br />
While China is addicted to manufacturing, Americans are addicted to low prices.  As a result, a unique kind of economic codependency has developed between the two countries.  If we ever stop buying from China, they will explode politically.  If China stops selling to us, our economy will take a huge hit because prices will jump.  We are subsidizing their economic development; they are subsidizing our economic growth.   </p>
<p><strong>The capacity model and enterprise sales.</strong></p>
<p>Enterprise sales professionals frequently use a revenue prediction and management tool called the capacity model.  The capacity model assumes infinite demand.  So rather than building a bottoms-up demand model, the capacity model simply focuses on the supply side of the equation -- the number of quota carrying sales representatives.  Assume that each sales rep can sell x million of product per year.  Assume that you need y number of people supporting each rep.  Assume that each rep attains 25% percent of her quota during the first quarter, 50% percent during the second full quarter, and 100% by her third quarter on the job.  It's a bit more complicated than this, but not much.  And it works really well... until demand becomes an issue (e.g., competition, market maturity, recession).  Then management often assumes that sales leadership needs to be replaced due to "bad execution" when the reality is that it may be time to change the overall corporate strategy (enter new markets, change pricing model, exit market, use M&#38;A to consolidate market).  It's really hard to predict demand, so most large companies rely on some type of supply driven model far too long.</p>
<p><strong>China and the capacity model.</strong></p>
<p>China is pursuing the capacity model writ large.  And as long as supply outstrips demand, it will work.  But at some point the combination of a doubling of Chinese labor working on manufacturing (increasing supply), the large number of people moving into manufacturing from India and Eastern Europe (increasing supply), increases in productivity (increasing supply), and the certainty of a global economic downturn at some point in the future (lowering demand) will lead to a collapse in the prices of manufactured things.</p>
<p>There are other constraints that may temporarily slow things down -- the availability of energy and other non-labor inputs required for manufacturing could act as a short or medium term throttle on supply.  But these issues will be resolved.  And then what happens?  Economic theory argues that, in an efficient market, prices will drop to near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_cost" target="_self">marginal cost</a>.  We know that the marginal cost of bits is near zero and that pricing for many of those things is FREE.  But what happens when the marginal cost of atoms approaches zero?  </p>
<p><strong>Razor and blades.</strong></p>
<p>Might the cost of many manufactured things get close to zero?  Is FREE the future of bits and atoms [I haven't read <a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16-03/ff_free" target="_self">Chris Anderson's new book</a> -- perhaps he has the answer]?  Don't roll your eyes, it's possible.  We may see the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_and_blades_business_model" target="_self">razor and blades business model</a> much more frequently in the future.</p>
<p>It is already happening:</p>
<p>+ Free atoms can increase barriers to entry, allowing providers to charge for services.  For example, the recent move by Apple to allow carriers to subsidize their phone was a brilliant move by the carriers to keep those consumers addicted to the crack of "cheap" phones.  And they already do offer some phones for "free" with an agreement to use their services for 1 or 2 years.</p>
<p>+ Cable vendors use this model with set-top boxes and cable service.  TiVO makes a better product, but why buy when you get a DVR for free?</p>
<p>But these cases are examples where average revenue per user (ARPU) is extremely high.  With the marginal cost of manufactured products dropping dramatically, service providers will be able to offer free products based on much lower ARPU.</p>
<p>What's next?</p>
<p>+ Free computers, pay for data plans?</p>
<p>+ Free cars, pay for the gas ;-)</p>
<p>What can you give away for free and then make money on the services?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Kenya will host 20th World economic forum on Africa in 2010]]></title>
<link>http://breakingnewskenya.wordpress.com/?p=736</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 07 Jun 2008 20:48:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kenyanobserver</dc:creator>
<guid>http://breakingnewskenya.wordpress.com/?p=736</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Kenya&#8217;s Prime Minister Raila Odinga announced today that Kenya will host the 20th World econom]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga announced today that Kenya will host the 20th World economic forum on Africa. He led Kenya's delegation to Cape Town, South Africa to attend the 3-day 18th session of the World economic forum that ended yesterday and while there, he accepted the invitation from the organisers on behalf of Kenya to host the summit in 2010.</p>
<p>"This is a major breakthrough that heralds the country's emergence as a leading player in the drive for the continent's global economic integration," he said to reporters shortly after he returned to the country and made this announcement.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[World economic forum on Africa Cape Town June 6, 2008 - highlights]]></title>
<link>http://breakingnewskenya.wordpress.com/?p=731</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jun 2008 14:59:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kenyanobserver</dc:creator>
<guid>http://breakingnewskenya.wordpress.com/?p=731</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Cape Town, South Africa, 5 June 2008 – The private sector is poised to play a growing role to help]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Cape Town, South Africa, 5 June 2008 – The private sector is poised to play a growing role to help Africa become more competitive and forge international alliances that extend beyond the customary handouts that have long characterized the region’s relationship with rich countries. That conclusion emerged as one point of consensus among panellists in a session entitled "Taking Control of Global Partnerships" at the World Economic Forum on Africa today.</p>
<p>"We have a unique combination of developed world business skills but we have learned how to do business in emerging markets," said Pat Davies, Chief Executive, Sasol, South Africa. "This needs to be emphasized more, and we can lead the way."<!--more--></p>
<p>Added Tony Elumelu, Chief Executive Officer, United Bank for Africa, Nigeria: "We need to realize that nobody is going to develop Africa except us. To fix Africa we need partnerships. I would like to call on African businesses to build the readiness needed to compete in the world. Externally people will realize that Africa is a good destination for investment and we need to be prepared."</p>
<p>Davies and Elumelu are among the more than 800 participants from 50 countries that are participating in the 18th World Economic Forum on Africa that closes tomorrow.</p>
<p>Several panellists called for a conclusion of the Doha round of the World Trade Organization negotiations that would eliminate barriers to African products in many countries around the world. "There needs to be a global trade deal that will allow Africa to take its rightful place" in international commerce, said Douglas Alexander, Secretary of State for International Development of the United Kingdom.</p>
<p>CNBC Africa is the host broadcaster of the World Economic Forum on Africa.</p>
<p>The World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging leaders in partnerships to shape global, regional and industry agendas.</p>
<p>Incorporated as a foundation in 1971, and based in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Economic Forum is impartial and not-for-profit; it is tied to no political, partisan or national interests (http://www.weforum.org).</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Next Frontier For Exploitation.....WATER!]]></title>
<link>http://swfreedomlover.wordpress.com/?p=279</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 31 May 2008 15:54:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>swfreedomlover</dc:creator>
<guid>http://swfreedomlover.wordpress.com/?p=279</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Now that Oil is reaching a peak and countries seek out alternatives to oil, of course a new &#8216;n]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">Now that Oil is reaching a peak and countries seek out alternatives to oil, of course a new 'need' had to be built up.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">Water is a precious resource.  There is no denying that.  Our very existence depends on it, especially fresh drinking water!  While it is in abundance in some places, it is scarce in others.  Good solid water management is indeed necessary.  Unfortunately, as we have had the sorrow of learning, governments cannot be trusted to do what is right for ALL the people.  There are far too many special interest groups fighting to keep what they see as their "right" to themselves while making it harder for others to enjoy that same "right".</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">Common Dreams had a good piece yesterday about Water becoming the new "Oil".  Considering how many of us actually PAY for fresh drinking water (I know I buy bottled spring water), it should come as no surprise that eventually, someone would find a way to make water a commodity.  Now that a so-called "<a title="CNN" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/04/22/food.biofuels/index.html" target="_blank"><strong>food crisis</strong></a>" is upon us, you can be sure that a new '<a title="Alternet News" href="http://www.alternet.org/water/80444/?page=entire" target="_blank"><strong>water crisis</strong></a>' will come to light.</span></p>
<blockquote>
<div class="post-header"><span style="color:#ffff99;"><span class="post-date">Published on Friday, May 30, 2008 by <a href="http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2008/05/29/is-water-becoming-%E2%80%98the-new-oil%E2%80%99/" target="_new">The Christian Science Monitor</a></span></span></p>
<h2><span style="color:#ffff99;"><a title="Is Water the New Oil?" href="http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2008/05/30/9305/" target="_blank">Is Water Becoming ‘The New Oil’?</a><br />
</span> <span style="color:#ffff99;font-size:small;">Population, pollution, and climate put the squeeze on potable supplies – and private companies smell a profit. Others ask: Should water be a human right?</span></h2>
<div class="post-credit"><span style="color:#ffff99;">by Marc Clayton</span></div>
</div>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">Public fountains are dry in Barcelona, Spain, a city so parched there’s a €9,000 ($13,000) fine if you’re caught watering your flowers. A tanker ship docked there this month carrying 5 million gallons of precious fresh water - and officials are scrambling to line up more such shipments to slake public thirst.<a title="0530 05" href="http://www.commondreams.org/archive/wp-content/photos/0530_05.jpg"><img src="http://www.commondreams.org/archive/wp-content/photos/0530_05.jpg" border="0" alt="0530 05" hspace="10" vspace="10" width="320" height="314" align="right" /></a></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">Barcelona is not alone. Cyprus will ferry water from Greece this summer. Australian cities are buying water from that nation’s farmers and building desalination plants. Thirsty China plans to divert Himalayan water. And 18 million southern Californians are bracing for their first water-rationing in years.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">Water, Dow Chemical Chairman Andrew Liveris told the World Economic Forum in February, “is the oil of this century.” Developed nations have taken cheap, abundant fresh water largely for granted. Now global population growth, pollution, and climate change are shaping a new view of water as “blue gold.”</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">Water’s hot-commodity status has snared the attention of big equipment suppliers like General Electric as well as big private water companies that buy or manage municipal supplies - notably France-based Suez and Aqua America, the largest US-based private water company.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">Global water markets, including drinking water distribution, management, waste treatment, and agriculture are a nearly $500 billion market and growing fast, says a 2007 global investment report.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">But governments pushing to privatize costly to maintain public water systems are colliding with a global “water is a human right” movement. Because water is essential for human life, its distribution is best left to more publicly accountable government authorities to distribute at prices the poorest can afford, those water warriors say.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">“We’re at a transition point where fundamental decisions need to be made by societies about how this basic human need - water - is going to be provided,” says Christopher Kilian, clean-water program director for the Boston-based Conservation Law Foundation. “The profit motive and basic human need [for water] are just inherently in conflict.”</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">Will “peak water” displace “peak oil” as the central resource question? Some see such a scenario rising.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">“What’s different now is that it’s increasingly obvious that we’re running up against limits to new [fresh water] supplies,” says Peter Gleick, a wat­­­er expert and president of the Pacific In­­­sti­­tute for Studies in Development, En­­vi­­­ron­­ment, and Sec­­ur­­ity, a nonpartisan think tank in Oak­land, Calif. “It’s no long­­er cheap and easy to drill another well or dam another river.”</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">The idea of “peak water” is an imperfect analogy, he says. Unlike oil, water is not used up but only changes forms. The world still has the same 326 quintillion gallons, NASA estimates.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">But some 97 percent of it is salty. The world’s re­maining accessi­ble fresh-water supplies are divided among industry (20 percent), agriculture (70 per­­cent), and domestic use (10 percent), according to the United Nations.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">~snip~</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">“While water is essential to life, and we believe everyone deserves the right of access to water, that doesn’t mean water is free or should be provided free,” says Peter Cook, executive director of the NAWC. “Water should be priced at the cost to provide it - and subsidized for those who can’t afford it.”</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">But private companies’ promises of efficient, cost-effective water delivery have not always come true. Bolivia ejected giant engineering firm Bechtel in 2000, unhappy over the spiking cost of water for the city of Cochabamba. Last year Bolivia’s president publicly celebrated the departure of French water company Suez, which had held a 30-year contract to supply La Paz.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">In her book, “Blue Covenant,” Maude Barlow - one of the leaders of the fledgling “water justice” movement - sees a dark future if private monopolies control access to fresh water. She sees this happening when, instead of curbing pollution and increasing conservation, governments throw up their hands and sell public water companies to the private sector or contract with private desalination companies.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">“Water is a public resource and a human right that should be available to all,” she says. “All these companies are doing is recycling dirty water, selling it back to utilities and us at a huge price. But they haven’t been as successful as they want to be. People are concerned about their drinking water and they’ve met resistance.”<br />
Private-water industry officials say those pushing to make water a “human right” are ideologues struggling to preserve inefficient public water authorities that sell water below the cost to produce it and so cheaply it is wasted - doing little to extend service to the poor.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">“There are three basic things in life: food, water, and air,” says Paul Marin, who three years ago led a successful door-to-door campaign to keep the town council of Emmaus, Pa., from selling its local water company. “In this country, we have privatized our food. Now there’s a lot of interest in water on Wall Street…. But I can tell you it’s putting the fox in charge of the henhouse to privatize water. It’s a mistake.”</span></p>
<h4><span style="color:#ffff99;">Water and war: Will scarcity lead to conflict?</span></h4>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">~snip~</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ffff99;">© 2008 The Christian Science Monitor</span></p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">Read the <a title="Is Water the New Oil?" href="http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2008/05/30/9305/" target="_blank"><strong>FULL STORY</strong></a> here.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">They say that <a title="about.com" href="http://vegetarian.about.com/od/vegetarianvegan101/f/waterpollution.htm" target="_blank"><strong>meat</strong></a> and <a title="One Plan" href="http://www.oneplan.org/Stock/DairyWater.shtml" target="_blank"><strong>dairy</strong></a> industries use a lot of water to produce their food products.  I'm not sure how accurate that is, but I can tell that this argument is going to be used to push us all into being vegitarians, whether we like it or not.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">Are these important issues nonsense?  NO!  However, IF we sit back and leave the solutions up to those in charge, then we deserve whatever controls they put on us all.  And I just know they'll have us all constantly thirsty, and limiting our washing and bathing so we are usually dirty and smelling bad as part of that control.  We can't just sit back and blindly accept all these so-called expert reports.  We need to be pro-active.  Fairness and equitable distribution is a must.  Common sense has to also play into this big time.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">Do we really need totally salt free water to bathe in and wash our clothes in?  I don't think so.  While the bulk of the water on the planet may indeed be too salty, I also don't think it needs to be completely desalinated for our cleanliness.  We really only need desalinated water for food and drinking consumption.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">What we need are real management groups with common sense to ensure that all have fresh drinking water.  Unfortunately I don't trust any so-called management groups right now because they all have an agenda, and I'm sure some "special interest group" is backing them in some way.  This leaves too much room for mis-managment in order to create a crisis which will of course profit someone somewhere, while hurting millions in the process.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">This might also explain <a title="H.R. 2421" href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h110-2421" target="_blank"><strong>our own government's interest in controlling ALL the waters of the U.S</strong></a>., not just the maritime waters, but ALL (which could include your well[s] if they so desired to claim them).  I think the government has already proven that it can't find it's way out of a paper bag, so how the hell are we supposed to trust them to keep our water supply safe?  We can't, we can only know that they will keep it as safe and clean as THEY want it to be, as long as it doesn't affect them.  I mean look at all the chemicals and drugs that are found in our water supplies now.  And while they put on a good show of being appalled, you haven't heard a word about solutions since then, have you?  As long as they can buy their clean water, they don't give a damn about yours.</span></p>
<blockquote><p><span style="color:#ccffcc;">`(24) WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES- The term `waters of the United States' means all waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide, the territorial seas, and all interstate and intrastate waters and their tributaries, including lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, natural ponds, and all impoundments of the foregoing, to the fullest extent that these waters, or activities affecting these waters, are subject to the legislative power of Congress under the Constitution.'.</span></p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">I'm all for conservation and good management.  What I'm NOT for is any plan that allows any government or agency to control what people are allowed or not allowed.  I'm NOT for these control freaks having the ability to hold us all ransom for a few drops of fresh water IF they feel so inclined to give it.  And THIS is what it will come down to.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">I strongly suggest we all start reading, or re-reading to refresh our memories, <a title="1984 Free Online reading" href="http://www.george-orwell.org/1984/index.html" target="_blank"><strong>George Orwell's 1984</strong></a> and also <a title="Brave New World" href="http://www.huxley.net/" target="_blank"><strong>Aldous Huxley's Brave New World</strong></a>.  I think we all need to be reminded of what 'could be' if we just sit back and buy into every thing some so-called expert claims.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00cc00;">Unless we all want to become some form of "<a title="The Stepford Wives - Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stepford_Wives" target="_blank"><strong>Stepford</strong></a>" person, I suggest we all start waking up and actually using some real common sense here, along with a strong dose of doing the right thing to benefit everyone not just the selected elite.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[World Economic Forum in Africa 2008 - Cast Your Vote Now]]></title>
<link>http://mindset30.wordpress.com/?p=215</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2008 04:16:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>spangy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mindset30.wordpress.com/?p=215</guid>
<description><![CDATA[If you have a point of view or perspective on what is imporant for Africa&#8217;s future or what sho]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;">If you have a point of view or perspective on what is imporant for Africa's future or what should be the focus, cast your vote on this exciting interactive feature.  More on this later... but cast your vote.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://docvoting.driversofchange.com/africa-forum-public" target="_blank"><img class="size-full wp-image-216 aligncenter" src="http://mindset30.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/wef.jpg" alt="" width="499" height="266" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Mubarak Snubs Bush]]></title>
<link>http://arabicsource.wordpress.com/?p=314</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 26 May 2008 07:19:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Grandmasta</dc:creator>
<guid>http://arabicsource.wordpress.com/?p=314</guid>
<description><![CDATA[While this story is somewhat dated, it still is worth mentioning.  At the opening event of the Wo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While this <a href="http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/05/19/50085.html">story</a> is somewhat dated, it still is worth mentioning.  At the opening <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/21/usa.israel">event</a> of the World Economic Forum in Cairo, last week, President Bush and his wife, showed up one hour late to President Mubarak's opening speech.  In response, Mubarak made a show of skipping Bush's address.  <em>Al-Quds Al-Arabi </em>(3/24, no internet link) had a critical op-ed placing the incident in the context of a larger decline in US-Egyptian relations. </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong>Summary:</strong><br />
</span>US-Egyptian relations have entered a period of new tensions, which was illustrated with the recent diplomatic dispute.   On one hand, Mubarak's highly visible protest was merely a response to Bush's absence at the opening speech.  However, the diplomatic rift has to be seen in the context of constant criticism by the Bush administration of the Egyptian government (ie Ayman Nour, political prisoners etc) and its reckless foreign policies in the region.  Particularly aggravating to Egyptians was Bush's recent speech at the Knesset, where he praised Israel's accomplishments but did not utter one word of criticism for its massacres, continuation of settlements, or continued suppression of the Palestinian people.  So widespread anger at US policy, both at the popular and governmental levels, is the real reason for Mubarak's refusal to participate in the Conference. </p>
<p>On the other hand,  the Egyptian government knows this is a dangerous position because it ultimately needs the Bush administration's support for key issues, such as the "Inheritance."  But such vocal protests at least allow Cairo to alert Washington of the danger of alienating key regional allies.    However, Egypt understands the political realities and will not further escalate the situation.  Hopefully, in return,  Washington will recognize that its negligence is what pushes  key Allies to make protests like walking out on Bush's speech.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong>Commentary:</strong><br />
</span>While many Egyptians are angry with their Government's domestic performance, a large portion, perhaps a majority, is satisfied with its foreign policy, and even takes pride in its role as a regional power.  So when Bush misses the Mubarak speech, its arouses nationalist sentiments, at all levels of society.  Therefore, Mubarak's counter-Snub was very popular at the street level. </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Viktiga möten med viktiga agendor]]></title>
<link>http://digitalamedier.wordpress.com/?p=59</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2008 18:50:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Anders Olofsson</dc:creator>
<guid>http://digitalamedier.wordpress.com/?p=59</guid>
<description><![CDATA[World Economic Forum har en representant på plats på konferensen och pratar om hur man försöker ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>World Economic Forum har en representant på plats på konferensen och pratar om hur man försöker skapa grupper/nätverk av deltagare inom olika områden. Vid olika möten på olika platser över världen  driver man olika frågor/områden. Media är ett sånt och gruppen heter "The Future of Media" där bland andra David Nordfors från innovationsprogrammet finns med.  Experter från olika länder samlas i råden för att diskutera olika ämnen; Exempelvis yttrandefrihet.<br />
Nu pratar WEF-representanten om hur de lägger upp sina möten. Que? Vilket mineralvatten har ni då?<br />
Väldigt allmänt och otydligt om hur media omdefinieras och hur internet förändrar media.</p>
<p>David Nordfors menar att det demokratiska systemet förlorar inflytande till innovationssektorn. Exempelvis Kina anses driva en kraftfull innovationsutveckling, men den öppna debatten och granskningen måste finnas med betonar han.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Bush for independent Palestine state in Middle East ]]></title>
<link>http://globalenews.wordpress.com/?p=9</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2008 04:31:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>shobhnasingh</dc:creator>
<guid>http://globalenews.wordpress.com/?p=9</guid>
<description><![CDATA[At the World Economic Forum on the Middle East, American president, George W Bush, spoke of the prog]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>At the World Economic Forum on the Middle East, American president, George W Bush, spoke of the progress of peace process in the region, especially vouching for an independent Palestinian state alongside a democratic Israel.</div>
<div>More on <a href="http://world.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=134272">Bush for independent Palestine state in Middle East </a></div>
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<title><![CDATA[well being และ 20 คำศัพท์สังคมศาสตร์เพื่อการพัฒนาที่น่ารู้จัก]]></title>
<link>http://witayakornclub.wordpress.com/?p=593</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2008 07:29:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ชมรมศึกษาผลงานฯ</dc:creator>
<guid>http://witayakornclub.wordpress.com/?p=593</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ 1. well being ภาวะอยู่เย็นเป็นสุข ภาวะของกา]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span> 1. well being </span>ภาวะอยู่เย็นเป็นสุข ภาวะของการมีสุขภาพกายสุขภาพใจที่ดี  มีความพอใจในสภาพชีวิตความเป็นอยู่  ซึ่งเป็นเป้าหมายในการพัฒนาทางเศรษฐกิจสังคมที่ต่างไปจากเป้าหมายเก่าที่เน้นความเจริญเติบโตหรือความมั่งคั่งทางวัตถุที่อาจไม่ได้ช่วยให้ประชาชนส่วนใหญ่อยู่เย็นเป็นสุขขึ้นเสมอไป</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p>2. <span>windfall tax </span>ภาษีที่เก็บจากธุรกิจที่ได้กำไรมากผิดปรกติ เช่น  บริษัทน้ำมันที่ได้กำไรสูงจากธุรกิจที่น้ำมันขึ้นราคา ,  ธนาคารที่ได้กำไรเพราะอัตราดอกเบี้ยสูง ,  วิสาหกิจที่แปรรูปจากของรัฐไปเป็นของเอกชน</p>
<p>3. <span>win-win </span>สถานการณ์  หรือยุทธศาสตร์ที่ถ้าหากคู่แข่งร่วมมือกัน  ต่างฝ่ายต่างจะได้ประโยชน์ร่วมกันในระยะยาว  มากกว่าที่จะต่างฝ่ายต่างเอาชนะเอาแพ้กันเพื่อให้อีกฝ่ายแพ้ไปโดยสิ้นเชิง <span>(winner take all games) </span>ความหมายทำนองเดียวกับ <span>non zero sum game</span></p>
<p><span> 4. woman's liberation (movement) </span>ขบวนการเรียกร้องให้มีการปลดปล่อยผู้หญิงจากบทบาทดั้งเดิมที่ถูกกดไว้ให้ทำหน้าที่แค่ภรรยา  แม่ หรือคนทำงานบ้าน หรือคนที่เป็นลูกน้องของผู้ชาย ให้ผู้หญิงมีสิทธิเสรีภาพ  และโอกาสในการศึกษา การทำงาน และการใช้ชีวิตที่เสมอภาคกับผู้ชาย</p>
<p>5. <span>woman's studies </span>สตรีศึกษา  การศึกษาเกี่ยวกับประวัติ บทบาทของผู้หญิงในสังคม การต่อสู้เพื่อสิทธิสตรี  และเรื่องอื่นๆเกี่ยวกับผู้หญิง</p>
<p>6. <span>work ethic </span>จริยธรรมในการทำงาน  ระบบความเชื่อที่เน้นคุณค่าทางสังคมของการทำงาน</p>
<p>7. <span>worker-director </span>การมีตัวแทนของพนักงานในคณะกรรมการบริหารขององค์กร เช่น ในเยอรมนี  และประเทศภาคพื้นยุโรป</p>
<p>8. <span>worker participation </span>การให้คนงานหรือตัวแทนมีส่วนร่วมในการบริหารของบริษัทด้วย</p>
<p>9<span>. work-life balance </span>ความสมดุลระหว่างการทำงานกับชีวิต เป็นคำที่เริ่มใช้ในปี 1986 ในสหรัฐฯ  เมื่อผู้คนเริ่มรู้สึกมากขึ้นว่า วัฒนธรรมแข่งขันกันทำงานหาเงินมากเกินไป  ไม่ได้ทำให้ชีวิตมีคุณภาพหรือมีความสุขเพิ่มขึ้น  ทั้งบริษัทและประชาชนเริ่มหันกลับมาพิจารณาด้านคุณภาพชีวิตเพื่อให้เกิดความสมดุลเพิ่มขึ้น  เช่น แทนที่บริษัทจะมองแต่เรื่องยอดขาย , ผลกำไร,  ก็เริ่มหันมามองว่าบริษัทตนมีอัตราการเข้าออกของพนักงานบ่อยเพียงไร ,  อัตราการลามากน้อยเพียงไร ,  พนักงานมีขวัญกำลังใจดีและประสิทธิภาพการผลิตมีความสม่ำเสมอมากน้อยเพียงไร</p>
<p>10. <span>work sharing </span>วิธีการจัดสรรงานที่มีอยู่แบ่งให้ลูกจ้างได้ทำกันทั่วถึง  เพื่อที่จะได้ไม่ต้องปลดคนงานที่ล้นงานออก</p>
<p>11. <span>world Commission on Environment and Development </span>คณะกรรมาธิการโลกว่าด้วยสภาพแวดล้อมและการพัฒนา ที่มีนายกรัฐมนตรีนอร์เวย์  <span>Gro Harlem Broundtland </span>เป็นประธานและเป็นผู้เสนอรายงานเรื่อง <span>Our Common Future </span>อนาคตร่วมกันของเรา ในปี ค.ศ. 1987 ทำให้ความหมายของคำว่า <span>Sustainable development </span>การพัฒนาอย่างยั่งยืนแพร่หลาย  โดยให้ความหมายว่า การพัฒนาอย่างยั่งยืน คือ  การพัฒนาที่สนองความต้องการที่จำเป็นของคนรุ่นใหม่ได้  โดยไม่ไปทำลายความสามารถของคนรุ่นต่อไปที่จะสนองความต้องการที่จำเป็นของพวกเขา  คณะกรรมาธิการชุดนี้ยังเป็นที่รู้จักกันในชื่อว่า <span>Brundtland  Commission </span></p>
<p><span> 12. World Economic Forum (WEF) </span>การประชุมผู้นำสุดยอด เรื่องเศรษฐกิจโลก การประชุมของผู้นำทางการเมือง  นักธุรกิจ ปัญญาชนและนักหนังสือพิมพ์ที่ได้รับการคัดเลือกบางคน  ที่จัดขึ้นประจำปีที่เมืองดาวอส สวิตเซอร์แลนด์ โดยมูลนิธิในสวิตเซอร์แลนด์  เพื่ออภิปรายกันถึงปัญหาสำคัญๆทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคมของโลก  แม้จะมีการเชิญนักหนังสือพิมพ์และนักข่าว วิทยุ โทรทัศน์ ผู้นำองค์กรพัฒนาเอกชนใหญ่  องค์การสหประชาชาติ ผู้นำสหภาพแรงงาน และผู้นำศาสนาเข้าร่วมประชุมด้วย  แต่ผู้เข้าประชุมส่วนใหญ่เป็นนักธุรกิจ  และนักการเมืองระดับผู้นำจากประเทศพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรม  และแม้ที่ประชุมจะอ้างว่าต้องการถกปัญหาของโลก เช่น ความยากจน และเรื่องอื่นๆ  แต่ในทางปฏิบัติกลายเป็นเวทีที่นักธุรกิจที่รวยที่สุดในโลกเจรจาธุรกิจกัน  และการล้อบบี้ทางการเมืองเพื่อผลประโยชน์ทางธุรกิจของพวกตน</p>
<p>13. <span>World Social Forum (WSF) </span>การประชุมเรื่องปัญหาทางสังคมโลก การะชุมประจำปีที่จัดโดยกลุ่มปัญญาชน  นักพัฒนาองค์กรเอกชน นักรณรงค์เคลื่อนไหวทางสังคม  ที่มีแนวคิดต่อต้านการขูดรีดเอารัดเอาเปรียบของบริษัททุนข้ามชาติ  เพื่อแลกเปลี่ยนเรื่องปัญหาและยุทธศาสตร์ในการพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจสังคมโลกให้เป็นธรรมและยั่งยืนเพิ่มขึ้น  การประชุมที่พัฒนามาจากการประชุมคัดค้านนโยบายสนับสนุนทุนนิยมโลกของ <span>World economic forum </span>โดยมักจัดขึ้นในเดือนมกราคม  เพื่อประชันกับการประชุม <span>world economic forum </span>ที่เมืองดาวอส สวิตเซอร์แลนด์  โดยย้ายที่จัดไปตามเมืองต่างๆในประเทศกำลังพัฒนา แต่ก็มีการจัดประชุมระดับภูมิภาค  เช่น ยุโรป เอเชีย กลุ่มเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน ระดับประเทศและระดับเมืองด้วย</p>
<p>14. <span>world system theory </span>ทฤษฎีระบบโลก  ทฤษฎีที่เสนอว่าประเทศต่างๆในโลกปัจจุบันถูกจัดโดยระบบอำนาจแบบลดหลั่นกันลงมาเป็นชั้นๆจากประเทศกลุ่มแกนกลาง  ลงมาถึงประเทศกลุ่มกึ่งบริวาร และประเทศกลุ่มบริวาร  ประเทศเหล่านี้ถูกเชื่อมโยงกันโดยระบบทุนนิยมโลกที่มีลักษณะต้องพึ่งพากัน  และประเทศแกนกลางและกึ่งบริวารได้เปรียบส่วนประเทศบริวารเสียเปรียบ</p>
<p>15. <span>World Trade Organization (WTO) </span>องค์กรการค้าโลก องค์กรระหว่างประเทศเพื่อแก้ไขปัญหาข้อพิพาททางด้านการค้า  และส่งเสริมการค้าเสรีระหว่างประเทศสมาชิก พัฒนามาจาก <span>(GATT)  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) </span>ข้อตกลงทั่วไปว่าด้วยภาษีศุลกากรและการค้า  ตั้งขึ้นในปี ค.ศ.1995  มีลักษณะเป็นองค์กรถาวร มีสำนักเลขาธิการทำงานประจำ กฎข้อบังคับทางการค้าของ <span>WTO </span>มีลักษณะเป็นข้อผูกพันแบบพหุภาคี <span>(multilateral) </span>มีผลบังคับใช้กับประเทศสมาชิกทั้งหมด  นอกจากใช้ในเรื่องสินค้าแล้วยังครอบคลุมไปถึงธุรกิจบริการและทรัพย์สินทางปัญญาที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการค้าด้วย  การตั้ง <span>WTO </span>ขึ้นมามีส่วนช่วยทำให้การระงับกรณีพิพาททางการค้าของประเทศสมาชิก  ทำได้เร็วกว่าและมีผลบังคับใช้ได้ง่ายกว่าระบบ <span>GATT </span>แต่ก็ยังคงเป็นเวทีเจรจาต่อรองทางเศรษฐกิจกันในหมู่สมาชิกที่ยังคงมีความขัดแย้งกันและต้องมีการประชุมเจรจากันอยู่เรื่อยๆ</p>
<p>16. <span>xnophobia </span>ความกลัวหรือระแวงหรือไม่ชอบคนแปลกหน้าหรือคนต่างชาติหรือสิ่งที่ไม่ค่อยรู้จัก</p>
<p>17. <span>young people/ youth </span>คนหนุ่มสาวที่อายุระหว่าง 15-24 ปี มีราว 18<span>% </span>ของประชากรโลก ในปี ค.ศ.2005 ส่วนใหญ่คือ 85<span>% </span>อยู่ในประเทศกำลังพัฒนา ส่วนเด็กอายุต่ำกว่า 15 มีราว 30<span>% </span>ของประชากรโลก คน 2  กลุ่มนี้จึงเป็นกลุ่มใหญ่และแนวโน้มมีสัดส่วนเพิ่มขึ้น</p>
<p>18. <span>zen </span>รูปแบบหนึ่งของศาสนาพุทธ  ที่นำเข้าจากอินเดียผ่านญี่ปุ่นไปสู่จีนในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 12 แนวที่ใช้ คือ  การตั้งคำถามที่มีลักษณะขัดแย้งเพื่อให้เกิดปัญญาคิดได้ด้วยตัวเองโดยฉับพลัน  เน้นการทำงาน การปฏิบัติวิจัย และการตั้งคำถามทางปรัชญา  เพื่อที่ผู้ปฏิบัติจะได้ตระหนักถึงธรรมชาติของพระพุทธเจ้าในตัวเขาเอง</p>
<p>19. <span>zero population growth (ZPG) </span>อัตราการเพิ่มประชากรเป็นศูนย์  1.การที่ประชากรในประเทศพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรมบางประเทศมีอัตราการเพิ่มประชากรต่ำ  เนื่องจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางด้านเศรษฐกิจสังคมวัฒนธรรม  2. ชื่อองค์กรที่ก่อตั้งในปี  ค.ศ.1968 เพื่อให้ข้อมูลชาวโลกทราบว่า   การเพิ่มขึ้นของประชากรโลกก่อให้เกิดปัญหาอย่างไรบ้าง</p>
<p>20. <span>zero waste </span>เป้าหมายให้ขยะเหลือศูนย์  การตั้งเป้าหมายการพัฒนาสินค้าและบริการ  ประเภทที่เมื่อใช้ไปแล้วสามารถนำกลับมาแปรรูปใช้ใหม่ได้  โดยไม่ต้องทิ้งเป็นเศษขยะให้เป็นปัญหามลภาวะต่อ ดิน น้ำ อากาศ เทศบาล เช่น  ซานฟรานซิสโกและเมืองอื่นได้ตั้งเป้าว่าจะพยายามทำให้บรรลุเป้าหมาย <span>zero waste </span>ในปี ค.ศ.2020</p>
<p>ที่มา<br />
วิทยากร เชียงกูล<br />
อธิบายศัพท์สังคมศาสตร์เพื่อการพัฒนา, - -  กรุงเทพฯ <span>: </span>สายธาร, 2550.<br />
<span>ISBN :  978-974-94365-7-8</span></p>
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